Affects of Frontal Lobe Damage Essay -- essays research papers

Damage to the frontal lobe cortex of the brain can cause difficulty in everyday activities. The frontal lobes role in people’s behavior includes executive processes, language, emotional expression and movement. Ryan Godfrey has difficulties in some areas of executive processes due to the damage tumors caused in his brain. Ryan and others with frontal lobe damage can benefit from knowing these deficits by taking steps to reduce their impact. The brain tends to compensate for damaged parts and a faith in God brings power to overcome deficits. Thus, behavioral difficulties for frontal lobe damaged patients are only a guideline not a box, for nothing is impossible for God to accomplish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A 23-year-old man, named Ryan Godfrey was observed in his everyday behaviors to understand how he deals with frontal lobe damage. When he was 7 years, old the doctors discovered a grapefruit size benign meningioma tumor in his brain. After this, he had six more surgeries and his last one left him paralyzed on his left side. This was because most of his tumors were found in the right hemisphere, prefrontal cortex with his last surgery towards the premotor and motor cortex causing his paralysis. Ryan overcame being paralyzed with a desire to play basketball and video games. Today he is running sound for church, working full time and helping with student ministries. People like him can benefit from understanding the brain and its functions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The frontal lobe comprises a third of the brain and it enables us to engage in higher cognitive functions such as planning and problem solving (Jonides & Smith, 1999). The frontal lobe is divided into 3 regions, the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and prefrontal cortex. The motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus and directs fine motor coordination. The premotor cortex is involved in planning, organizing, and integrating body movements. The prefrontal is involved in executive functions, including short-term memory, working memory, decision making, and prioritizing behaviors (Wilson, 2003). Some of the frontal lobe disorders than can cause brain damage and behavioral changes are Huntington’s disease, infection, stroke, tourettes, dementia, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, tumors, closed head injury and traumatic brain injury (Chow, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People wi... ... Shimamura, A. (1995). Susceptibility to memory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  interference effects following frontal lobe damage: findings from tests of paired-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  associate learning. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 144-152. Humphreys, G. & Kumada, T. (2002). Early selection induced by perceptual load in a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  patient with frontal lobe damage: external vs. internal modulation of processing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  control. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 49-65. Jonides, J. & Smith, E. (1999, March 12). Storage and executive processes in the frontal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  lobes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Science, 1657-1663. Lepage, M. & Richer, F. (2000). Frontal brain lesions affect the use of advance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  information during response planning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 1034-1040. Levine, B. & Stuss, D. (2002). Adult clinical neuropsychology: lessons from studies of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the frontal lobes. Annual Reviews Psychology, 401-433. Wilson, J. (2003). Biological foundations of human behavior. Belmont: Thomason   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Learning Publishers.

American Women in the 19th vs 20th Century Essay

For many of the American history, women were not considered equal to men and were denied equality in many areas in life. In the 19th century women had no legal identity, apart from their husband. Married women could not hold property in their own names, make contracts, sit on a jury, write a will, or vote. Nor did women have the same opportunities for education and careers that men had. Yet, many women found ways to show their intelligence, courage, and leadership. In the 20th century, women in most states won the right to vote and increased their education and job opportunities. Since early 19th century women have been underestimated by men. Women were longed considered weaker than men. They were unable to perform work requiring muscular or intellectual development. A lower-class woman job included working for higher class families doing household duties, such as cleaning and cooking. Unable to afford help in the house they were responsible of their household duties. Traditionally, a middle-class girl would tend to learn from her mother’s examples. Cooking, cleaning, and caring for children was the behavior expected of her when she grew up. A lot was expected from these women, and they were often tired and sick. An upper-class married woman, after having everything as a child, is to be responsible of her own household and slave plantation. Different from the lower-class, the upper-class could afford a slave that was needed to help with house duties. â€Å"Upper-class women responsibilities involved; running a slave plantation, being a nurse to the slaves, making the slaves clothes, overseeing the food preparation, and supervising the work plans. †(Women in 19th) Most women were excluded from most jobs. The 20th century produced dramatic changes and opportunities for women. The success of many manufacturing wholesale trade, banking, and services depended on women and grew rapidly. During WWI, many women were government used as a political tool, enfranchising army nurses and female relatives of soldiers serving overseas in order to secure an election victory. Securing a job was only the first step in the right direction for women, soon after they aimed for the right to vote. â€Å"Women won the right to vote on August 26, 1920, but this long fight wasn’t easily achieved. It formally began 72 years earlier at the Seneca Falls Convention, organized by Elizabeth Cady and Lucretia Mott. †(Dougas, 1999) During that time the suffrage movements in the United States were large and vigorous. After the Union winning the Civil War, women hoped their hard work would result in suffrage for women as well as for blacks. But the blacks were granted citizenship and suffrage, not to women. The struggle to win the vote was slow and frustrating. â€Å"Wyoming Territory in 1869, Utah Territory in 1870, and the states of Colorado in 1893 and Idaho in 1896 granted women the vote but the Eastern States resisted. (WIC, 1994) Many Organizations were created that develop many meetings to help gain rights for women. The National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) came about after Elizabeth and Lucy Stone uniting their groups. Although they have not accomplished their goal, they continued to fight. â€Å"In 1907 international socialism decided to support women’s suffrage. Since bans against female party membership existed within most traditional political parties, Socialists, having to organize women separately from me, manage to create successful oriented movements in some countries. (Women’s Suffrage, 1996) Many other conventions and associations were form to help women to gain their rights. As the years advanced, women grew stronger and did not give up. Although they achieved the voting rights, they continued struggling to gain equal participation in political office alongside men. Winning the right to vote inspired the younger generation of women to go to school and gain the knowledge needed for a better life style. â€Å"Test made in the 1860’s that the scholastic achievement of girls was higher in the early grades than in high school. (WIC, 1994) This was caused by the lack of ambition given to the girls. Teachers and family did not expect the girls to achieve any educational skills. She was to anticipate in marriage and motherhood. Other girls who went to school were lucky, but not only because there was room for them. Generally, schools were open to girls during the summer. Summer was when the boys were working. However, colleges were still full of boys and very little of girls. Due to the Civil War an increase demand for higher education for women was needed. The reason of an eruption in the numbers of women entering higher education was the returning veterans and the later the baby boom. â€Å"During the 1960’s and 1970’s, due to social and legislative changes, several intuitions of higher education that had been previously all-male open doors to women. † (Harwarth) Numerous institutions and private schools became available to women. Men and women had arguments on the separation of genders but later the school converted to a coeducational public institution. After many disagreements and protests, women can now earn a degree alongside men who can no longer interfere with their education. The 19th and 20th century had different roles for women in the Unites States. In both centuries, women had to work hard to gain equality. Although women accomplished many goals, they still continue to strive for new ambitions, such as jobs. Women had the desire to vote and have equal rights with men, this gave them much respect. They were giving respect by having women institutions and public schools that directed them to join men. There will never be an ending to the equality between women and men. The competition among the two will always be there.

Mayans, Incas, And Aztecs Essay - 1586 Words

In 2012 everyone was convinced that the world was going to come to an end, there is one civilization that we can put the blame on, the Mayans. There were many myths and legends that come from the 3 major civilizations that we’ve all learned about; Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs. The Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs built great and legendary civilizations in Mexico, Central America, and South America and with understanding these three we get a better understanding of the early life in these places. The first of these three is the Maya civilization. Tracing back to the Mayans we go back approximately 3,000 years ago. They were centered in the lowlands Yucatan Peninsula where they lived in farming villages that is now what we call Guatemala. The Mayans set a high standard for pottery, architecture, mathematics, artwork, hieroglyphics, calendar making, and more... One of the most notable things they achieved were the many Mayan ruins, the Mayans built enormous and elaborate stone temples, stela, and other stone structures within their cities. It was unknown for some time how exactly they managed to quarry and move these large stones due to the fact at the time it was not known what tools they possessed or how they were transported because the Maya did not use the wheel. Many of the large structures in ancient Maya cities in Central America were constructed from limestone blocks. It was important to determine the process by which the Maya built these structures, and the effort put forth, inShow MoreRelatedMayans, Aztecs, And Incas Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesThe Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas were civilizations that settled in Central and South America thousands of years ago. There are vastly similar to each other, but also very different. They each had their own ways of growing their civilizations into what they needed to be successful. They had their own cultures and ways of life, but the ideas of each of them similarly came together in one way or another. The Mayan civilization was located in Central America on the Yucatan peninsula and down into theRead MoreIncas Versus The Aztecs And Mayans Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesIncas versus the Aztecs and Mayans The incas rose in 1438, they fell in 1533. They suffered the attacks of Spanish conquerors such as Spaniard Francisco Pizarro (1475-1541) and the spread of small box. At the peak of power the civilization extended 4,000 km (2,500 miles) and included 16 million people. They were extremely advanced, had an army, laws, roads, bridges, and tunnels. Inca’s were the most advanced civilization because of their government, agriculture, architecture and technology comparedRead MoreThe Decline Of The Mayan, Aztec, And Inca Empires837 Words   |  4 PagesThe Decline of the Mayan, Aztec, and Inca Empires From 250 A.D. to the late 1500’s A.D., three civilizations, the Mayans, the Aztecs, and the Incas controlled Central and South America. Their decline happened for many different reasons. The Spanish conquistadors was one of the most common and deadliest, due to their advanced weapons and diseases they brought. It seems that wherever the Spanish went, bad things always happened. Innocent people were killed for no reason, cities were massacred andRead MoreEssay about Mayan, Inca, and Aztec Civilizations788 Words   |  4 PagesMayan, Inca, and Aztec Civilizations The Mayan, Inca, and Aztec civilizations each originated from Latin America. The Mayans lived in southern and central Mexico, other Mayans lived in Central America in the present day countries of Belize, Guatemala, and ancient Honduras. The Incas lived along the long coastal strip, and in the high peaks and deep fertile valleys of the Andes Mountains, and along the edges of the tropical forest to the east; this would be the country of Peru, Ecuador, ChileRead MoreRoom 1 - The Magnificent Mayans1213 Words   |  5 PagesMagnificent Mayans Culture Artifact 1: Ceramic Bowl Picture/Source: Ceramic Bowl (Britannica 1) Description/Source: This artifact shows a ceramic bowl that was used by the Mayans in everyday life for pottery making and used in everyday art. Artifact 2: Ruins from a Mayan Temple Picture/Source: Ruins from a Mayan Temple (Britannica 1) Description/Source: The ruins from the temple show religion in Mayan culture because this is where the Mayans went as a place of worship. Artifact 3: Mayan SculptureRead MoreEconomy in Early American Civilizations: Maya, Aztecs and Inca865 Words   |  4 Pagessocieties were very similar. One of these societies, the Mayans, lived in southern Mexico and northern Central America from the 3rd to the 10th century CE, and they relied on the trade of goods such as obsidian and crops such as cacao beans. Another American civilization was the Aztec civilization. They were located in the Valley of Mexico around the 13th to 16th century CE, and they used slash-and-burn farming to plant crops to trade. The Inca Empire existed from the 13th to the 16th century CE alongRead MoreThe Aztecs Werelocated In Mexico, Built On A Series Of1180 Words   |  5 PagesThe aztecs were located in Mexico, Built on a series of islets in Lake Texcoco , and was divided in four cities. Itzcoatl successor Montezuma who took power in 1440 By the early 16th century founded in 1428. (found in the 13th century) Mexico-Tenochtitlan, commonly known as Tenochtitlan was a Mexica located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico.Aztec Economy Trade and Currency. the aztec trade everything, it was really important to them they relied heavily on agriculture and farmingRead MoreIvilizations of the Americas: Mayan, Aztec, and Incan Civilizations786 Words   |  4 Pagesin 1539. The three most advanced civilizations were the Mayans, the Aztecs, and the Incas. All three civilizations made major accomplishments, all being added upon and used by other civilizations. For example, the Mayans had created a calendar with three hundred sixty-five and a quarter days. The Incas had created terrace farming to create better and a larger amount of crops. All of these civilizations have impacted the world today. Mayans developed a complex calendar with hieroglyphics as depictedRead MoreMayan, Aztec, Incan Dbq768 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mayan, Aztec, and Inca civilizations brought major accomplishments to the world today. These accomplishments established them as advanced societies during their time without the influence of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Some of these accomplishments ranged from agriculture to architecture and on to writing and trade. Such as, the Mayans with their agriculture system of chinampas and there monumental temple/pyramids, the Aztecs with their trading in the city of Tenochtitlan, and the IncasRead MoreDbq 9: Civilizations of the Americas1258 Words   |  6 PagesCivilizations of the Americas The Mayan, Aztec and Incan civilizations each contributed major accomplishments to the world today. These accomplishments established them as advanced societies during their time. The Incans built a large road system, devised a complex irrigation system and developed their own language. The Mayans constructed the largest structure known until modern times, made drastic accomplishments in mathematics, studied astronomy and formed a calendar. The Aztecs built well-organized cities

The Best, Most Famous Plays by Harold Pinter

Born: October 10th, 1930 (London, England) Died: December 24th, 2008 â€Å"I’ve never been able to write a happy play, but I’ve been able to enjoy a happy life.† Comedy of Menace To say that Harold Pinter’s plays are unhappy is a gross understatement. Most critics have labeled his characters â€Å"sinister† and â€Å"malevolent.† The actions within his plays are bleak, dire, and purposely without purpose. The audience leaves bewildered with a queasy feeling – an uneasy sensation, as though you were supposed to do something terribly important, but you can’t remember what it was. You leave the theater a bit disturbed, a bit excited, and more than a bit unbalanced. And that’s just the way Harold Pinter wanted you to feel. Critic Irving Wardle used the term, â€Å"Comedies of Menace† to describe Pinter’s dramatic work. The plays are fueled by intense dialogue that seems disconnected from any sort of exposition. The audience rarely knows the background of the characters. They don’t even know if the characters are telling the truth. The plays do offer a consistent theme: domination. Pinter described his dramatic literature as an analysis of â€Å"the powerful and the powerless.† Though his earlier plays were exercises in absurdity, his later dramas became overtly political. During the last decade of his life, he focused less on writing and more on political activism (of the left-wing variety). In 2005, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. During his Nobel lecture he stated: â€Å"You have to hand it to America. It has exercised a quite clinical manipulation of power worldwide while masquerading as a force for universal good.† Politics aside, his plays capture a nightmarish electricity that jolts the theater. Here is a brief look at the best of Harold Pinter’s plays: The Birthday Party (1957) A distraught and disheveled Stanley Webber may or may not be a piano player. It may or may not be his birthday. He may or may not know the two diabolically bureaucratic visitors that have come to intimidate him. There are many uncertainties throughout this surreal drama. However, one thing is definite: Stanley is an example of a powerless character struggling against powerful entities. (And you can probably guess who is going to win.) The Dumbwaiter (1957) It has been said that this one-act play was the inspiration for the 2008 film In Bruges. After viewing both the Colin Farrell movie and the Pinter play, it is easy to see the connections. â€Å"The Dumbwaiter† reveals the sometimes boring, sometimes anxiety-ridden lives of two hitmen – one is a seasoned professional, the other is newer, less sure of himself. As they wait to receive orders for their next deadly assignment, something rather odd happens. The dumbwaiter at the back of the room continually lowers down food orders. But the two hitmen are in a grungy basement – there’s no food to prepare. The more the food orders persist, the more the assassins turn on each other. The Caretaker (1959) Unlike his earlier plays, The Caretaker was a financial victory, the first of many commercial successes. The full-length play takes place entirely in a shabby, one-room apartment owned by two brothers. One of the brothers is mentally disabled (apparently from electro-shock therapy). Perhaps because he isn’t very bright, or perhaps out of kindness, he brings a drifter into their home. A powerplay begins between the homeless man and the brothers. Each character talks vaguely about things they want to accomplish in their life – but not one of the characters lives up to his word. The Homecoming (1964) Imagine you and your wife travel from America to your hometown in England. You introduce her to your father and working-class brothers. Sounds like a nice family reunion, right? Well, now imagine your testosterone-mad relatives suggest that your wife abandon her three children and stay on as a prostitute. And then she accepts the offer. That’s the kind of twisted mayhem that occurs throughout Pinter’s devious Homecoming. Old Times (1970) This play illustrates the flexibility and fallibility of memory. Deeley has been married to his wife Kate for over two decades. Yet, he apparently does not know everything about her. When Anna, Kate’s friend from her distant bohemian days, arrives they begin talking about the past. The details are vaguely sexual, but it seems that Anna recalls having a romantic relationship with Deeley’s wife. And so begins a verbal battle as each character narrates what they remember about yesteryear – though it’s uncertain whether those memories are a product of truth or imagination.

Essay about What is Parkinsons Disease - 1415 Words

Introduction Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting primarily the patient’s motor function. The disease is characterized by rigidity, tremor at rest, bradykinesis, and decreased postural reflexes (Bollinger, Cowan, LaFontaine, Ronai, 2012). Parkinson disease was largely documented and brought to the forefront by James Parkinson, who published an article discussing the condition in 1817 (Lees, 2007). While great strides in understanding and treatment have been made, Parkinson disease is still considered an idiopathic disease (Lau Breteler, 2006). Many areas of the disease process have been noted, but no one has been marked as the primary causative process, as well as little has been solidified in diagnostic procedures†¦show more content†¦The substantia nigra is where the neurotransmitter dopamine is made by cells. Neurons between the substantia nigra and the stratum send messages via dopamine. As the cells of the sustantia nigra deteriorate in Parkinsons so d oes the levels of dopamine in the brain, which is necessary for sending messages to other areas of the brain for movement control (Obeso, Rodrà ­guez†Oroz, Benitez†Temino, Blesa, Guridi, Marin, Rodriguez, 2008). The decrease in dopamine production also changes the dopamine to acetylcholine relationship in the brain, which the striatum require to function properly. While the striatum is very complex system which involves signal suppression and enhancement within the brain, the altered ratio of dopamine and acetylcholine can cause some tracts to be under suppressed and over suppressed (Obeso, Rodrà ­guez†Oroz, Benitez†Temino, Blesa, Guridi, Marin, Rodriguez, 2008). The degradation of the cells in the basal ganglia cause is unknown, but many suggest pesticide exposure, serious consecutive brain injury and possible genetic factors. Lewy Bodies Another major component of Parkinson’s is the development of Lewy bodies in degenerating neurons of the brainstem (Wakabayashi, Tanji, Odagiri, Miki, Mori, Takahashi, 2013). These Lewy bodies are formed by alpha-synuclein bodies. These bodies are loosely understood to be protein aggregates that form in the substania nigra primarily but also in other areas of the brain stemShow MoreRelatedParkinson s Disease Is A Motor System Disorder Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagesmillion people worldwide suffer from Parkinson’s disease. The number of individual’s with Parkinson’s increases by at least sixty thousand per year in America. Although the Parkinson’s disease has been around for thousand of years, it was not officially recognized until 1817 by a Dr. James Parkinson. Dr. James Parkinson clearly stated in his paper An Essay on the Shaking Palsy symptoms of Parkinson’s that are still recognized today as markers for the disease. Even though he wrote that paper in 1817Read MoreEssay about Advances in Parkinson’s Disease1345 Words   |  6 Pagesall affected by one disease (Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, Statistics). That disease is Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s takes away little things like movement that many of us take for granted. Lives are changed because of Parkinson’s, but there is hope. Through medical breakthroughs discovered in recent years, my grandpa and many others suffering from Parkinson’s disease have a chance at a better life. History of Parkinson’s Disease Signs or symptoms of Parkinson’s disease have been recordedRead MoreThe Cause of Parkinsons Disease Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesParkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s disease is a â€Å"neurodegenerative disorder of the basal nuclei due to insufficient secretion of the neurotransmitter dopamine† (Marieb Hoehn, 2013, p. G-17). The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but many factors play a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease. One factor that has been found in an individual who has Parkinson’s disease causes over activity of targeted dopamine-deprived basal nuclei. This over activity is caused by the breakdown of neuronsRead MoreComparison Of Parkinsons Alley By Christopher Hitchens And Parkinsons Disease1203 Words   |  5 PagesWhat would the world look like if there was no such thing as an illness? Thousands of people each and every day would be saved. Illnesses destroy families all across the globe. In the articles â€Å"Parkinson’s Alley† by Joy Horowitz, and â€Å"Topic of Cancer† by Christopher Hitchens, the authors explain the fact that the causes for cance r and Parkinson’s disease are not proven to be known. Joy Horowitz also points out; more and more research is being done each day to better the understanding of these terribleRead MoreParkinson s Disease : A Disease1196 Words   |  5 PagesParkinson’s disease Chase J Fowler Missouri Southern State University â€Æ' What is Parkinson’s disease (PD)? Parkinson’s is a disease that causes the nervous system to degenerate which means that person’s health is declining mentally, physically, and morally. Parkinson’s causes a loss in balance, which is the cause for most of the falls. These falls lead to the most injuries a Parkinson’s patient has; whether it be fractures or concussions. It causes a loss in muscle movement and muscle control. PatientsRead MoreSymptoms of Parkinsons Disease Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesSymptoms of Parkinsons Disease Parkinsons Disease is a degenerative disorder of the nervous system. Parkinsons is a disease that may happen in younger people, but the risk mainly increases with age. This is because many of the cellular systems in the brain are difficult to renew by themselves while there are trillions of nerve cells in the brain to compensate for the loss of these cells. For example, in Parkinsons disease the symptoms are caused by the selective loss of a small populationRead More Parkinson’s Disease and Medical Treatment Options Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesParkinson’s Disease and Medical Treatment Options For many 50 year olds, tasks such as writing or walking can be easily preformed without much attention. In fact, the term â€Å"task† seems to stress that there is a greater level of effort than is truly exerted in order for the average person to perform these actions. However, for a patient of Parkinson’s Disease who is diagnosed on average at the age of 50, these every day activities take a great deal of time, attention, and effort to be preformedRead MoreThe Disease Of Parkinson s Disease1077 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper is limited to Parkinson’s Disease. Parkinson’s Disease was thoroughly researched and will be described in depth including: physiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, therapeutic measures, and short vs. long term effects. Keywords: Parkinson’s Disease, dopamine, diagnosis, symptoms Parkinson’s, a Central Nervous System Disorder Since becoming a nursing student I have learned about several diseases and disorders. When hearing the term, â€Å"disease† one might imagine suchRead MoreThe Symptoms and Signs of Parkinson’s Disease650 Words   |  3 PagesParkinson’s disease is a disorder of the nervous system that progressively gets worse. The breaking down of certain neurons causes Parkinson’s. Many symptoms are due the lack of dopamine, which is produced by some neurons. It may just start with tremors in one hand but will commonly grow and cause stiff or slow movement. There are no cures for Parkinson’s but there are medications you can take to improve different symptoms. Dealing with Parkinson’s can also be hard on the individual and their familyRead MoreParkinson s Disease As A Medical Condition1437 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s disease has been known about since ancient times. In AD 175, the physician Galen described it as â€Å"shaking palsy† in W estern medical literature. It wasn’t until 1817 that a London doctor, named James Parkinson, wrote a detailed medical essay on this disease. This essay established Parkinson’s disease as a recognized medical condition. He based the essay off of six cases he had observed previously and hoped that it would encourage others to study the disease. No such research was performed

Sally Satel Free Essays

A Second Chance at Life Sally Satel’s argument in â€Å"Death’s Waiting List†, states that there is an extreme lack of organ donors in this society. â€Å"70,000 Americans are waiting for kidneys, according to The United Network for Organ Sharing† and â€Å"only about 16,000 people received one last year. â€Å" In large cities, where the ratio of acceptable organs to needy patients is worst, the wait is five to eight years and is expected to double by 2014 â€Å". We will write a custom essay sample on Sally Satel or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is no reason why the wait should be this long because any one can be an organ donor and Satel does a great job of explaining the benefits throughout in her essay. As a previous member of the waiting list, Satel resorted to desperate measures when she considered going to the black market to obtain a kidney that she needed as well as trying a website called matchingdonors. com. She was lucky enough to find a match on the website, but unfortunately he fell through. As far as the black market goes, she thought it was too risky and unsafe even though she was in a life or death situation. This all could have been prevented if more people in our country were to consider themselves organ donors. If the black market isn’t safe for buying movies or getting music illegally, then it is definitely not safe for buying a kidney. This small statement in Satel’s essay provides a shocking emotional appeal to the readers. She brought up a great point that in most European countries, they practice â€Å"presumed consent† which is when â€Å"all citizens are considered donors at death unless they sign an anti-donor card†. In my opinion, I believe that it is harder to say no when the situation is right in front of you, than to say no when you are getting your license at sixteen years old. It is definitely easier to just pass by the opportunity to give life to someone else when the situation does not directly affect you. One of the most popular arguments against organ donation is that it is against the person’s religion. According to OrganDonor. gov, most religions encourage transplants because it is not only an â€Å"act of charity, fraternal love, and self sacrifice,† but also an act of giving. In the instance of The Greek Orthodox Church, they are â€Å"not opposed to organ donation as long as the organs and tissue in question are used to better human life. For example: transplantation or for research that will lead to improvements in the treatment and prevention of disease. † The Greek Orthodox is among twenty-six other religions, including United Methodist, Mormons, Lutherans, Judaism, Islam, Catholicism, Buddhism, Baptist, Amish and The Christian Church that all believe organ donation is beneficial and at the same time, is encouraged. In her essay, Satel used emotional appeal to persuade her audience that everyone should be an organ donor. She added her own experience in the beginning that was both interesting and attention-grabbing, which made the essay much more personal to the reader. There was also a lot of shocking statistics that increased her argument to something stronger and more rational. She never criticized people that choose not to be organ donors, but instead made it clear that it would be an advantage to both the donor and recipient. She successfully gave counterarguments and was able to switch them around to something positive that helped support her argument. The one thing that dissagree with in this article was that she brought up a point hinting that sperm, egg and surrogate mothers were the same thing as donating organs. I do not believe this at all, because when someone gives sperm or an egg they are giving away a carbon copy of themselves for no reason other than to give another family a child. It is not a life or death situation like organ donation is and giving away copies of yourself has nothing to do with after-death procedures. That part of the essay should have been omitted because it is completely irrelevant and useless information. Satel also spent a lot of time on her personal story at the beginning. It was a nice start to her essay but it was a little bit too much and she should have had more information about why the opposing views are wrong as well as more benefits to donating organs. I agree completely with Satel’s reasoning that giving incentives would increase the total amount of donors and I believe that those measures should be taken as soon as possible. Innocent lives are being lost everyday just because there are not enough people in the United States that put â€Å"organ donor† on their driver’s licenses. Those two, very simple words can mean the world to someone on the waiting list, and there is no reason why everyone shouldn’t be a donor, especially with financial incentives. How to cite Sally Satel, Essay examples

Improved Management Generation Of Abstracts -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Improved Management Generation Of Abstracts? Answer: Introduction The paper mainly focuses on the concepts of complex project management. It is identified that in this paper, proper explanation on the causes, environments as well as properties of project management are elaborated. The paper reflects on the utilization of project management tools and techniques for managing various types of complex projects. Proper reviews on different project cases are critically analyzed. According to Ahern, Leavy and Byrne (2014), complexity is generally utilized in order to illustrate projects that are quite difficult to execute as per the understanding of the project team members. The complexity of the projects creates negative impact on the progress of the project and it enhances time as well as budget of the project. There are number of causes of complexities within the project and the causes of the complexities mainly include unhelpful behavior, failure to appreciate systemicity, simplistic project management as well as over-ambitious strategic management (S chwalbe 2015).The paper focuses on the design as well as construction of T-REX project that faces complexities in managing the project. The paper elaborates the causes, environment as well as properties of complexities that are mainly associated with the T-REX project (Puerto, Shane and Gransberg 2013). The T-REX case study suggests that proper environment awareness program is needed in complex project so that the project environment will properly execute the project. The properties of project states that if a project manager faces difficulty in executing the project due to any of the technical or management related issues then the project is considered to be complex. On the other hand, the paper reflects on the Arrow construction company that manages project complexities by using appropriate project management tools and techniques. The use of proper tools and techniques are quite important for resolving the complexities that the construction company faces. The tools of the project are generally identified as per the nature of the project so that they must suit with the project complexity (Bing.com 2018).The perception of project complexity is greatly influenced due to the experience as well as personal capabilities of the key stakeholders who are mainly involved in the project for making proper judgment in context to the project (Kerzner 2017). The project also highlights on the nature as well as degree of the projects in order to analyze the importance of appropriate project nature. The paper discusses that proper analysis on project nature is generally necessary in order to identify the expected level of complication at the starting of the proj ect so that the project stakeholders can be able to control as well as monitor the project effectively. Discussion i) Introduction and Summary According to Fleming and Koppelman (2016), understanding complexity in project management is considered significant for the project managers due to the differences that is mainly associated with the goal attainment as well as decision making processes. It is identified that projects have become much more complex due to number of increasing factors like turbulent environment, large amount of required resources, as well as due to large number of diversity in the actors of the project. The significance of project complexity in the process of project management can be properly acknowledged with the help of factors that includes planning, coordination as well as control. In addition to this, it is stated by Svejvig and Andersen (2015) that every project has its unique problems however, the challenge of the project is amplified in context to complex environment and thus proper environmental awareness by project managers is needed during complex situations. Furthermore, it is opined by Verz uh (2015) that complexity is generally relative to the understanding of an individual. It is suggested that complexity is one of the property that is always encountered in activities at the frontiers of knowledge and psychology of the individual who are generally involved with the project. Evidence and examples Causes, environments and properties of complex projects with proper evidence and examples The design build of T-REX project is considered complex. It is identified that the project manager needs to integrate the construction as well as design of multi modal project that is very much complex. With the selection of design, build method the project was completed by the contractors two years ahead of the schedule (Puerto, Shane and Gransberg 2013). However, it is analyzed that the project has lots of parts as well as interconnections. The contractor faces lot of difficulties in executing all the parts of the projects and their interconnections in a very much less time in comparison to the estimated time. The causes of complexity within the project of T-REX are elaborated below: Unhelpful behavior: According to Svejvig and Andersen (2015), complexity in the T-REX projects mainly occurs as people with different interest, cultures, loyalties as well as interactions are put together in order to deliver a specific project or program. It is identified that people are not always rational in context to a specific decision, which helps in making their behavior liable to get involved and difficult to predict. For example, the unhelpful behaviors of the team members delays decisions making process and interfere with the design and construction of T-REX project. Failure to appreciate systemicity: As the project manager of T-REX project faces difficulty in breaking the project successfully into number of constituents then the entire project as a whole will become complex for the team members. Simplistic Project management: In T-REX project, one of the mental models that is bought by the project managers is that they faces difficulty in understanding the appropriate tools and techniques that are helpful for the management of the project and as result number of complexities occur within the project (Verzuh 2015). For example, a simplistic model of risk management is not used then it is quite difficult to manage the risks that are mainly associated with the project The challenges that the contractor of T-REX project faces in completing the numerous parts as well as interconnections two years before the estimated deadline by utilizing design build method can be amplified in context to complex environments. In order to work effectively for making the project successful, the project managers needs to start environmental awareness program so that they can manage the project challenges within the complex environment effectively (Browning 2014). The PMI mainly identifies six main conditions that help in enhancing the chances of project successes within a complex environment. The conditions mainly include leadership, portfolio management, proper collaboration, performance measurements as well as aligning various structures of the organization (Locatelli, Mancini and Romano 2014). In addition to this, it is also very much necessary to understand the complex environment of the project by scanning it appropriately with the help of SWOT analysis. It is stated by Klein, Biesenthal and Dehlin (2015), that nearly all large as well as small projects help in exhibiting characteristics of complexity. It is identified that in T-REX projects, the challenges for management stem from various assumptions must be made before the planning of the project. The main properties of complex project are that it is mainly relative to the understanding of the individuals (Heagney 2016). It is analyzed that the project which are complex, creates problems for the team members in understanding however there is limits to the understanding of the people who are involved with the project and as a result complexity is considered as a characteristics of project. The tools and techniques of project management are utilized for reducing the complexities of the project. It is can be concluded that the design and construction project of T-REX faces lot of complexities in completing the project before the estimated time by utilizing design build method. The steps or reasons of complexities in the projects are properly illustrated. It is analyzed that in order to resolve the project related challenges, the organizations need to utilize environment awareness program so that the challenges of the project can be easily resolved in spite of the complex environment of the organization. In addition to this, it is very much necessary to analyze the properties of complexities quite effectively so that the level of complexity can be identified easily. It is stated by Conforto et al. (2014) that traditional project management approaches mainly assumes that the context of the project are unchanging and thus the key factors that are in spite of their complexities are reducible to various unambiguous elements for control and management. While the assumptions have simplified the entire task, it is identified that that the tools and techniques does not work within the project then the project is considered complex (Hornstein 2015). The various tools for complex projects helps in drawing the latest research in different areas of project management, system thinking as well as complexity theory for providing a proper reference to understand as well as manage the complexities of programmes as well as projects. The tools as well as techniques that are utilized in the project are helpful for the project manager so that they can easily manage complex projects. ii) Evidence The Arrow Construction Australia is one of the construction companies that engage in ground rebuilding when earthquakes devastated Christchurch (Bing.com 2018). It is identified that by braving harsh conditions as well as limited months of daylight, the company properly refurbished Scott base in Antarctica. It is analyzed that management of complex projects takes much more than coordination of steel as well as concrete (McKenna and Baume 2015). The gap that exists between the boardroom as well as construction site can be resolved by managing proper tools as well as techniques of project management. The project is heavily time constrained that in order to complete the project within time in spite of the complexities, the project manager utilizes the tools and techniques that are helpful in resolving the project complexities quite effectively. The tools and techniques that are utilized are as follows: Risk management: It is stated by Mir and Pinnington (2014) that within the environment of project there is always a chance of occurring adverse conditions, which mainly causes the project to fail or fail to meet various objectives of the project. However, having proper risk management tool helps in determining the project risk with their level of impact so that the risks as well as challenges associated with the project can be resolved quite effectively. In addition to this, the project managers must involve in scenario planning in order to identify the uncertainties as well as risks that are associated with the project. It is analyzed that scenario planning is not about determining the future but it is about exploring the future of the project. Budgeting process: According to Sudlow et al. (2015), budget is considered as a forecast or a quantified plan of action. It is identified that proper quantified plan of action assists in itemizing income as well as expenditure of the project. Budgetary planning is considered as a tool that assists in creating project budget as one of the part of project planning process. In order to produce the project budget, it is necessary to prepare a budget manual as well as budget committee so that proper planning; resource utilization, motivation as well as integration within the project can be performed properly. Critical path analysis: It is identified that critical path is utilized as a technique for good visual communication as well as planning for effective management of time. It is identified that critical path analysis helps in clearly displaying the interdependent relationships business generally existed between various activities as well as tasks that generally needs to be completed (Riol and Thuillier 2015). The critical path analysis helps in enabling proper effective resource planning which does not allow resources to move directly substitutable between various tasks. Gantt charts: It is stated by Fisher, Pillemer and Amabile (2017) that Gantt chart is considered as a project management tool, which is considered as a horizontal bar that is utilized for scheduling the entire project effectively. The Gantt chart can be utilized for planning the timescale of the entire project, which generally can be used for estimating various resources effectively. The Gantt charts are generally used for planning, coordinating as well as tracking various tasks that are mainly associated with the project. The Gantt charts are found to be very much effective for small projects and it is helpful for resolving issues as well as challenges related with the project. Work breakdown structure: The work breakdown structure is considered as an important tool that helps in planning effectively for breaking the key tasks of the projects into number of small units that are manageable. It generally assists in producing detailed list of tasks that helps in reducing project complexity and further assists in providing proper method of costing, scheduling as well as resource planning for a project (Mok, Shen and Yang 2015). It is analyzed that during a project, proper financial control can be properly achieved by actual expenditure. The WBS helps improving the resource planning as well as efficiency of the resources so that the project related issues can be managed effectively. It can be concluded that Arrow Construction Australia helps in resolving the complexities of the project by utilizing proper tools and techniques by the project managers. It is identified that proper tools and techniques like risk management, budgeting process, critical path analysis, and Gantt chart as well as work breakdown structure. The paper elaborates the significance of the project management tools that are used by the project managers in order to resolve the complexities that are mainly related with the project. Degree and nature of project cases discussed According to Heldman (2015), analysis of project, complexities are very much helpful in evaluating risks in real projects. The nature of project complexities can be determined in terms of time, cost, team composition, flexibility, violation of requirement, strategic importance, level of organizational change as well as level of proper IT complexities. On the other hand, degree of project complexity can be determined by analyzing the complexities of the project and the related factors that causes complexities within the project. The degree of project complexity assists in measuring the difficulty of executing a complex production process appropriately. It is stated by Klakegg (2016) that project complexity helps in measuring the difficulty of executing a complex process, which is considered complicated in an intricate operational network for forming proper workflow. It is identified that it is completed within proper stipulated cost, time as well as quality for achieving required func tion without creating conflict number of parties who are generally involved within the entire process. According to Baptista et al. (2016), the nature of construction as well as design of the project T-REX is found to be complex. It is identified that project that is selected is one of the transportation expansion project that is generally known as T-REX project that is mainly constructed through Colorado area. It mainly consists of 17 miles of highway expansion. It is analyzed that by utilizing design build traditional design bid method, the project would require around 7 years to complete the project however in order to minimize the time the contractors utilizes design build method (Puerto, Shane and Gransberg 2013). It is analyzed that the required time for the project reduces but the entire team with the project managers faces number of complexities due to number of interconnections as well as parts within the project. The main complexity is to complete the entire project succes sfully before the estimated time. It is identified by Rezvani et al. (2016) that in order to reduce project related complexities the project managers needs to analyze the organizational environment and the causes of the complexities. The steps that are before the project manager for reducing project complexity is resolve it, reduce it or live with it. In addition to this, one of the significant steps for minimizing the complexities of the project is by making the project complexities less severe so that they will create less impact on the project (Lu et al. 2015). It is analyzed that the nature as well as degree of project complexities can be identified with the help of proper tools. The tools that helps in addressing the degree of complexity includes earned vale, soft thinking tools as well as problem structuring tools. The tools are quite helpful in exhibiting proper structural complexity, which is generally applied in large number of project (Martens and Carvalho 2017). Furthermore the nature of the projects can be reviewed by utilizing tools that generally includes tools for mapping complexities, system anatomy tools as well as time linked semi structures. On the other hand, it is opined by Bing.com (2018) that the Arrow Construction Australia faces lot of complexities in moving with ground rebuilding when earthquakes devastated Christchurch. It is identified that by braving harsh conditions as well as limited months of daylight, the company properly refurbished Scott base in Antarctica. In order to complete the project successfully, the project managers of the company utilizes proper tools as well as techniques that are quite helpful in managing the complexities of the project (Kassem et al. 2015). It is analyzed that the degree of complexity within the project is analyzed properly by reviewing its nature successfully. The utilization of proper project management tools and techniques are helpful in resolving the complexities of the project effectively as per the degree of complexity within the project. The degree of complexity within the project is considered significant as it helps in providing proper information about project recognition, internalization as well as future changes. The project uses number of tools that suits the nature of project complexities in order to resolve it. It is opined by Lientz and Rea (2016) that one of the emerging tool that helps in classifying projects have generally proved to be very much useful in helping number of key stakeholders for recognizing the complications within the project. Being properly identifying the nature of complexity, the expected level of complication at the starting of each phase of the project generally assists the project stakeholders to control as well as monitor the project depending on the nature of the project complexity (Rezvani et al. 2016). Furthermore, another tool, which is named as time, linked semi structures are generally collected from the project observation. As per the observation, performance is considered as one of the critical driver in the environment of project, which is generally interlinked with various creative team activities. It can be concluded that both the degree as well as nature of projects are analyzed in order to identify appropriate tools that are helpful in resolving the project complications as per their nature as well as complexities. It is analyzed that the project uses different tools as per their nature and complexities. The project nature and degree can be reviewed by analyzing the project successfully. It is analyzed proper analysis is required in order to adopt steps or tools that are helpful in resolving project conflict that are mainly associated with the project. Both the case studies are analyzed appropriately and as a result proper steps for resolving their complications are provided successfully. Overall Discussion The entire paper discusses about the project complexities that are mainly faces while involving within the project. The complexity theory of the project mainly helps in understanding the social behaviors of both the network of people as well as team who are generally involved within the project. It is stated by Martens and Carvalho (2017) that complexity within the project is generally considered relative to the understanding of an individual and as there are certain limits of understanding thus complexity within the project is considered as one of the characteristic. It is analyzed that many of the organization generally develop proper means for assessing the complexity of the project. It is opined by Floricel et al. (2014) that a project manager also faces number of behavioral complexity however their own response can create number of additional complexity within the projects. It is analyzed by the management as well as senior practitioners of the project that complexity of the pro ject mainly helps in influencing both schedule as well as cost estimates of the project. In this paper causes, environments as well as properties of complex projects are elaborated. It is analyzed that for designing as well as constructing T-REX project, the project managers as well as contractors faces number of challenges as issues. The paper analyzes the causes of project complexities and the reasons include unhelpful behavior, failure to appreciate systemicity, simplistic project management as well as over-ambitious strategic management (San Cristobal 2017). It is analyzed that complexity within the T-REX project occurs as the team members of the project are from different cultures as well as interests and as a result they faces difficulty in providing proper rational decision on the project. The project manager of the T-REX project faces number of behavioral complexity however their response on that behavior creates additional complexity. It is identified that responding to number of disruption by taking number of decisions generally seek for recovering the original planned schedule which generally can create feedback loop with numerous unintended consequences (Braglia and Frosolini 2014). The over ambitious strategic management also helps in enhancing complexity in business as well as projects. In addition to this, it is found that the properties as well as environment of the project must be properly analyzed in order to implement proper environmental awareness program for the project managers as well as team members of the project so that they can be able to resolve the project complexities quite effectively (Eskerod, Huemann and Savage 2015). On the other hand, it is identified that the use of proper project management tools and techniques within the project by the project managers helps in playing an important role in project management. It is identified that Arrow Construction Australia, which is one of the construction company, refurbished Scott base in Antarctica by braving different harsh conditions as well as limited months of daylight. This is only possible due to proper management by the project managers as well as contractors of the project (Shenhar et al. 2016).The tools and techniques that are utilized by the management of the company include risk management, Gantt chart, work breakdown structure, budgeting process as well as critical path analysis. The utilization of proper tools and techniques is done by recognizing the type of project complexity. It is stated by Martinsuo and Hoverfalt (2018) that different kinds of complexity generally requires different approaches of project management and thus it is very much useful to recognize various types of project complexities for selecting the appropriate approaches as well as tools and techniques in order to manage the project effectively. It is identified that strategies for managing various kinds of complexity is generally exhibited by various projects as various parts of the project generally vary enormously. In addition to this, it is analyzed that determination of proper nature as well as degree is very much necessary to determine the level of complexity that is affecting the progress of the project. The nature as well as degree of complexity is generally identified by reviewing the projects effectively. It is opined by Bentahar and Cameron (2015) that the degree of project complexity is found to be important as it generally affects project internalization, future changes as well as project recognition (Tzortzopoulos, Zhang and Formoso 2016). One of the significant tools that are mainly used within the project in order to classify them for recognizing the complications those are mainly associated with the project. After proper identification, nature as well as expected level of complications within the project can be improved at the project initiation phase in order to monitor as well as control the complexities that are mainly associated with the project (Eskerod, Huemann and Savage 20 15). The paper also focuses on the ways in which the practitioners as well as organizations respond towards project complexities. In order to manage complex projects it is very much necessary to resolve the problems like integration challenges, interactional uncertainty as well as improper project team. Conclusion It can be concluded from the entire assignment that the complexities that occur within the project must be resolved appropriately by using appropriate approaches as well as tools so that the project managers can be able to complete the project effectively. In this paper, causes, environments as well as properties of project complexities are generally illustrated in order to analyze the reasons of complexities within the project. It is analyzed that proper analysis is done on the design as well as construction of T-REX project in order to know the reasons behind the complexities of the project. The project manager founds that proper environmental awareness program is very much required in order to execute the complex project effectively. In addition to this the paper also focuses on the Arrow construction company that resolves its complexities by utilizing proper project management tools and techniques. The selection of project management tools as well as approaches is done by the pro ject manager as per the level of project complexity. It is analyzed that the tools and techniques that are used includes risk management, Gantt chart, work breakdown structure, budgeting process as well as critical path analysis. All this tools and approaches are helpful in mitigating the complexities that the Arrow construction company faces. In addition to this, the paper also focuses on the nature as well as on the degree of project management. It is analyzed that proper analysis of project nature as well as degree is necessary in order to make sure the levels of complexities that going is to affect the project. 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