The Best, Most Famous Plays by Harold Pinter

Born: October 10th, 1930 (London, England) Died: December 24th, 2008 â€Å"I’ve never been able to write a happy play, but I’ve been able to enjoy a happy life.† Comedy of Menace To say that Harold Pinter’s plays are unhappy is a gross understatement. Most critics have labeled his characters â€Å"sinister† and â€Å"malevolent.† The actions within his plays are bleak, dire, and purposely without purpose. The audience leaves bewildered with a queasy feeling – an uneasy sensation, as though you were supposed to do something terribly important, but you can’t remember what it was. You leave the theater a bit disturbed, a bit excited, and more than a bit unbalanced. And that’s just the way Harold Pinter wanted you to feel. Critic Irving Wardle used the term, â€Å"Comedies of Menace† to describe Pinter’s dramatic work. The plays are fueled by intense dialogue that seems disconnected from any sort of exposition. The audience rarely knows the background of the characters. They don’t even know if the characters are telling the truth. The plays do offer a consistent theme: domination. Pinter described his dramatic literature as an analysis of â€Å"the powerful and the powerless.† Though his earlier plays were exercises in absurdity, his later dramas became overtly political. During the last decade of his life, he focused less on writing and more on political activism (of the left-wing variety). In 2005, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. During his Nobel lecture he stated: â€Å"You have to hand it to America. It has exercised a quite clinical manipulation of power worldwide while masquerading as a force for universal good.† Politics aside, his plays capture a nightmarish electricity that jolts the theater. Here is a brief look at the best of Harold Pinter’s plays: The Birthday Party (1957) A distraught and disheveled Stanley Webber may or may not be a piano player. It may or may not be his birthday. He may or may not know the two diabolically bureaucratic visitors that have come to intimidate him. There are many uncertainties throughout this surreal drama. However, one thing is definite: Stanley is an example of a powerless character struggling against powerful entities. (And you can probably guess who is going to win.) The Dumbwaiter (1957) It has been said that this one-act play was the inspiration for the 2008 film In Bruges. After viewing both the Colin Farrell movie and the Pinter play, it is easy to see the connections. â€Å"The Dumbwaiter† reveals the sometimes boring, sometimes anxiety-ridden lives of two hitmen – one is a seasoned professional, the other is newer, less sure of himself. As they wait to receive orders for their next deadly assignment, something rather odd happens. The dumbwaiter at the back of the room continually lowers down food orders. But the two hitmen are in a grungy basement – there’s no food to prepare. The more the food orders persist, the more the assassins turn on each other. The Caretaker (1959) Unlike his earlier plays, The Caretaker was a financial victory, the first of many commercial successes. The full-length play takes place entirely in a shabby, one-room apartment owned by two brothers. One of the brothers is mentally disabled (apparently from electro-shock therapy). Perhaps because he isn’t very bright, or perhaps out of kindness, he brings a drifter into their home. A powerplay begins between the homeless man and the brothers. Each character talks vaguely about things they want to accomplish in their life – but not one of the characters lives up to his word. The Homecoming (1964) Imagine you and your wife travel from America to your hometown in England. You introduce her to your father and working-class brothers. Sounds like a nice family reunion, right? Well, now imagine your testosterone-mad relatives suggest that your wife abandon her three children and stay on as a prostitute. And then she accepts the offer. That’s the kind of twisted mayhem that occurs throughout Pinter’s devious Homecoming. Old Times (1970) This play illustrates the flexibility and fallibility of memory. Deeley has been married to his wife Kate for over two decades. Yet, he apparently does not know everything about her. When Anna, Kate’s friend from her distant bohemian days, arrives they begin talking about the past. The details are vaguely sexual, but it seems that Anna recalls having a romantic relationship with Deeley’s wife. And so begins a verbal battle as each character narrates what they remember about yesteryear – though it’s uncertain whether those memories are a product of truth or imagination.

Essay about What is Parkinsons Disease - 1415 Words

Introduction Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting primarily the patient’s motor function. The disease is characterized by rigidity, tremor at rest, bradykinesis, and decreased postural reflexes (Bollinger, Cowan, LaFontaine, Ronai, 2012). Parkinson disease was largely documented and brought to the forefront by James Parkinson, who published an article discussing the condition in 1817 (Lees, 2007). While great strides in understanding and treatment have been made, Parkinson disease is still considered an idiopathic disease (Lau Breteler, 2006). Many areas of the disease process have been noted, but no one has been marked as the primary causative process, as well as little has been solidified in diagnostic procedures†¦show more content†¦The substantia nigra is where the neurotransmitter dopamine is made by cells. Neurons between the substantia nigra and the stratum send messages via dopamine. As the cells of the sustantia nigra deteriorate in Parkinsons so d oes the levels of dopamine in the brain, which is necessary for sending messages to other areas of the brain for movement control (Obeso, Rodrà ­guez†Oroz, Benitez†Temino, Blesa, Guridi, Marin, Rodriguez, 2008). The decrease in dopamine production also changes the dopamine to acetylcholine relationship in the brain, which the striatum require to function properly. While the striatum is very complex system which involves signal suppression and enhancement within the brain, the altered ratio of dopamine and acetylcholine can cause some tracts to be under suppressed and over suppressed (Obeso, Rodrà ­guez†Oroz, Benitez†Temino, Blesa, Guridi, Marin, Rodriguez, 2008). The degradation of the cells in the basal ganglia cause is unknown, but many suggest pesticide exposure, serious consecutive brain injury and possible genetic factors. Lewy Bodies Another major component of Parkinson’s is the development of Lewy bodies in degenerating neurons of the brainstem (Wakabayashi, Tanji, Odagiri, Miki, Mori, Takahashi, 2013). These Lewy bodies are formed by alpha-synuclein bodies. These bodies are loosely understood to be protein aggregates that form in the substania nigra primarily but also in other areas of the brain stemShow MoreRelatedParkinson s Disease Is A Motor System Disorder Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagesmillion people worldwide suffer from Parkinson’s disease. The number of individual’s with Parkinson’s increases by at least sixty thousand per year in America. Although the Parkinson’s disease has been around for thousand of years, it was not officially recognized until 1817 by a Dr. James Parkinson. Dr. James Parkinson clearly stated in his paper An Essay on the Shaking Palsy symptoms of Parkinson’s that are still recognized today as markers for the disease. Even though he wrote that paper in 1817Read MoreEssay about Advances in Parkinson’s Disease1345 Words   |  6 Pagesall affected by one disease (Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, Statistics). That disease is Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s takes away little things like movement that many of us take for granted. Lives are changed because of Parkinson’s, but there is hope. Through medical breakthroughs discovered in recent years, my grandpa and many others suffering from Parkinson’s disease have a chance at a better life. History of Parkinson’s Disease Signs or symptoms of Parkinson’s disease have been recordedRead MoreThe Cause of Parkinsons Disease Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesParkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s disease is a â€Å"neurodegenerative disorder of the basal nuclei due to insufficient secretion of the neurotransmitter dopamine† (Marieb Hoehn, 2013, p. G-17). The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but many factors play a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease. One factor that has been found in an individual who has Parkinson’s disease causes over activity of targeted dopamine-deprived basal nuclei. This over activity is caused by the breakdown of neuronsRead MoreComparison Of Parkinsons Alley By Christopher Hitchens And Parkinsons Disease1203 Words   |  5 PagesWhat would the world look like if there was no such thing as an illness? Thousands of people each and every day would be saved. Illnesses destroy families all across the globe. In the articles â€Å"Parkinson’s Alley† by Joy Horowitz, and â€Å"Topic of Cancer† by Christopher Hitchens, the authors explain the fact that the causes for cance r and Parkinson’s disease are not proven to be known. Joy Horowitz also points out; more and more research is being done each day to better the understanding of these terribleRead MoreParkinson s Disease : A Disease1196 Words   |  5 PagesParkinson’s disease Chase J Fowler Missouri Southern State University â€Æ' What is Parkinson’s disease (PD)? Parkinson’s is a disease that causes the nervous system to degenerate which means that person’s health is declining mentally, physically, and morally. Parkinson’s causes a loss in balance, which is the cause for most of the falls. These falls lead to the most injuries a Parkinson’s patient has; whether it be fractures or concussions. It causes a loss in muscle movement and muscle control. PatientsRead MoreSymptoms of Parkinsons Disease Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesSymptoms of Parkinsons Disease Parkinsons Disease is a degenerative disorder of the nervous system. Parkinsons is a disease that may happen in younger people, but the risk mainly increases with age. This is because many of the cellular systems in the brain are difficult to renew by themselves while there are trillions of nerve cells in the brain to compensate for the loss of these cells. For example, in Parkinsons disease the symptoms are caused by the selective loss of a small populationRead More Parkinson’s Disease and Medical Treatment Options Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesParkinson’s Disease and Medical Treatment Options For many 50 year olds, tasks such as writing or walking can be easily preformed without much attention. In fact, the term â€Å"task† seems to stress that there is a greater level of effort than is truly exerted in order for the average person to perform these actions. However, for a patient of Parkinson’s Disease who is diagnosed on average at the age of 50, these every day activities take a great deal of time, attention, and effort to be preformedRead MoreThe Disease Of Parkinson s Disease1077 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper is limited to Parkinson’s Disease. Parkinson’s Disease was thoroughly researched and will be described in depth including: physiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, therapeutic measures, and short vs. long term effects. Keywords: Parkinson’s Disease, dopamine, diagnosis, symptoms Parkinson’s, a Central Nervous System Disorder Since becoming a nursing student I have learned about several diseases and disorders. When hearing the term, â€Å"disease† one might imagine suchRead MoreThe Symptoms and Signs of Parkinson’s Disease650 Words   |  3 PagesParkinson’s disease is a disorder of the nervous system that progressively gets worse. The breaking down of certain neurons causes Parkinson’s. Many symptoms are due the lack of dopamine, which is produced by some neurons. It may just start with tremors in one hand but will commonly grow and cause stiff or slow movement. There are no cures for Parkinson’s but there are medications you can take to improve different symptoms. Dealing with Parkinson’s can also be hard on the individual and their familyRead MoreParkinson s Disease As A Medical Condition1437 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s disease has been known about since ancient times. In AD 175, the physician Galen described it as â€Å"shaking palsy† in W estern medical literature. It wasn’t until 1817 that a London doctor, named James Parkinson, wrote a detailed medical essay on this disease. This essay established Parkinson’s disease as a recognized medical condition. He based the essay off of six cases he had observed previously and hoped that it would encourage others to study the disease. No such research was performed

Sally Satel Free Essays

A Second Chance at Life Sally Satel’s argument in â€Å"Death’s Waiting List†, states that there is an extreme lack of organ donors in this society. â€Å"70,000 Americans are waiting for kidneys, according to The United Network for Organ Sharing† and â€Å"only about 16,000 people received one last year. â€Å" In large cities, where the ratio of acceptable organs to needy patients is worst, the wait is five to eight years and is expected to double by 2014 â€Å". We will write a custom essay sample on Sally Satel or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is no reason why the wait should be this long because any one can be an organ donor and Satel does a great job of explaining the benefits throughout in her essay. As a previous member of the waiting list, Satel resorted to desperate measures when she considered going to the black market to obtain a kidney that she needed as well as trying a website called matchingdonors. com. She was lucky enough to find a match on the website, but unfortunately he fell through. As far as the black market goes, she thought it was too risky and unsafe even though she was in a life or death situation. This all could have been prevented if more people in our country were to consider themselves organ donors. If the black market isn’t safe for buying movies or getting music illegally, then it is definitely not safe for buying a kidney. This small statement in Satel’s essay provides a shocking emotional appeal to the readers. She brought up a great point that in most European countries, they practice â€Å"presumed consent† which is when â€Å"all citizens are considered donors at death unless they sign an anti-donor card†. In my opinion, I believe that it is harder to say no when the situation is right in front of you, than to say no when you are getting your license at sixteen years old. It is definitely easier to just pass by the opportunity to give life to someone else when the situation does not directly affect you. One of the most popular arguments against organ donation is that it is against the person’s religion. According to OrganDonor. gov, most religions encourage transplants because it is not only an â€Å"act of charity, fraternal love, and self sacrifice,† but also an act of giving. In the instance of The Greek Orthodox Church, they are â€Å"not opposed to organ donation as long as the organs and tissue in question are used to better human life. For example: transplantation or for research that will lead to improvements in the treatment and prevention of disease. † The Greek Orthodox is among twenty-six other religions, including United Methodist, Mormons, Lutherans, Judaism, Islam, Catholicism, Buddhism, Baptist, Amish and The Christian Church that all believe organ donation is beneficial and at the same time, is encouraged. In her essay, Satel used emotional appeal to persuade her audience that everyone should be an organ donor. She added her own experience in the beginning that was both interesting and attention-grabbing, which made the essay much more personal to the reader. There was also a lot of shocking statistics that increased her argument to something stronger and more rational. She never criticized people that choose not to be organ donors, but instead made it clear that it would be an advantage to both the donor and recipient. She successfully gave counterarguments and was able to switch them around to something positive that helped support her argument. The one thing that dissagree with in this article was that she brought up a point hinting that sperm, egg and surrogate mothers were the same thing as donating organs. I do not believe this at all, because when someone gives sperm or an egg they are giving away a carbon copy of themselves for no reason other than to give another family a child. It is not a life or death situation like organ donation is and giving away copies of yourself has nothing to do with after-death procedures. That part of the essay should have been omitted because it is completely irrelevant and useless information. Satel also spent a lot of time on her personal story at the beginning. It was a nice start to her essay but it was a little bit too much and she should have had more information about why the opposing views are wrong as well as more benefits to donating organs. I agree completely with Satel’s reasoning that giving incentives would increase the total amount of donors and I believe that those measures should be taken as soon as possible. Innocent lives are being lost everyday just because there are not enough people in the United States that put â€Å"organ donor† on their driver’s licenses. Those two, very simple words can mean the world to someone on the waiting list, and there is no reason why everyone shouldn’t be a donor, especially with financial incentives. How to cite Sally Satel, Essay examples

Improved Management Generation Of Abstracts -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Improved Management Generation Of Abstracts? Answer: Introduction The paper mainly focuses on the concepts of complex project management. It is identified that in this paper, proper explanation on the causes, environments as well as properties of project management are elaborated. The paper reflects on the utilization of project management tools and techniques for managing various types of complex projects. Proper reviews on different project cases are critically analyzed. According to Ahern, Leavy and Byrne (2014), complexity is generally utilized in order to illustrate projects that are quite difficult to execute as per the understanding of the project team members. The complexity of the projects creates negative impact on the progress of the project and it enhances time as well as budget of the project. There are number of causes of complexities within the project and the causes of the complexities mainly include unhelpful behavior, failure to appreciate systemicity, simplistic project management as well as over-ambitious strategic management (S chwalbe 2015).The paper focuses on the design as well as construction of T-REX project that faces complexities in managing the project. The paper elaborates the causes, environment as well as properties of complexities that are mainly associated with the T-REX project (Puerto, Shane and Gransberg 2013). The T-REX case study suggests that proper environment awareness program is needed in complex project so that the project environment will properly execute the project. The properties of project states that if a project manager faces difficulty in executing the project due to any of the technical or management related issues then the project is considered to be complex. On the other hand, the paper reflects on the Arrow construction company that manages project complexities by using appropriate project management tools and techniques. The use of proper tools and techniques are quite important for resolving the complexities that the construction company faces. The tools of the project are generally identified as per the nature of the project so that they must suit with the project complexity (Bing.com 2018).The perception of project complexity is greatly influenced due to the experience as well as personal capabilities of the key stakeholders who are mainly involved in the project for making proper judgment in context to the project (Kerzner 2017). The project also highlights on the nature as well as degree of the projects in order to analyze the importance of appropriate project nature. The paper discusses that proper analysis on project nature is generally necessary in order to identify the expected level of complication at the starting of the proj ect so that the project stakeholders can be able to control as well as monitor the project effectively. Discussion i) Introduction and Summary According to Fleming and Koppelman (2016), understanding complexity in project management is considered significant for the project managers due to the differences that is mainly associated with the goal attainment as well as decision making processes. It is identified that projects have become much more complex due to number of increasing factors like turbulent environment, large amount of required resources, as well as due to large number of diversity in the actors of the project. The significance of project complexity in the process of project management can be properly acknowledged with the help of factors that includes planning, coordination as well as control. In addition to this, it is stated by Svejvig and Andersen (2015) that every project has its unique problems however, the challenge of the project is amplified in context to complex environment and thus proper environmental awareness by project managers is needed during complex situations. Furthermore, it is opined by Verz uh (2015) that complexity is generally relative to the understanding of an individual. It is suggested that complexity is one of the property that is always encountered in activities at the frontiers of knowledge and psychology of the individual who are generally involved with the project. Evidence and examples Causes, environments and properties of complex projects with proper evidence and examples The design build of T-REX project is considered complex. It is identified that the project manager needs to integrate the construction as well as design of multi modal project that is very much complex. With the selection of design, build method the project was completed by the contractors two years ahead of the schedule (Puerto, Shane and Gransberg 2013). However, it is analyzed that the project has lots of parts as well as interconnections. The contractor faces lot of difficulties in executing all the parts of the projects and their interconnections in a very much less time in comparison to the estimated time. The causes of complexity within the project of T-REX are elaborated below: Unhelpful behavior: According to Svejvig and Andersen (2015), complexity in the T-REX projects mainly occurs as people with different interest, cultures, loyalties as well as interactions are put together in order to deliver a specific project or program. It is identified that people are not always rational in context to a specific decision, which helps in making their behavior liable to get involved and difficult to predict. For example, the unhelpful behaviors of the team members delays decisions making process and interfere with the design and construction of T-REX project. Failure to appreciate systemicity: As the project manager of T-REX project faces difficulty in breaking the project successfully into number of constituents then the entire project as a whole will become complex for the team members. Simplistic Project management: In T-REX project, one of the mental models that is bought by the project managers is that they faces difficulty in understanding the appropriate tools and techniques that are helpful for the management of the project and as result number of complexities occur within the project (Verzuh 2015). For example, a simplistic model of risk management is not used then it is quite difficult to manage the risks that are mainly associated with the project The challenges that the contractor of T-REX project faces in completing the numerous parts as well as interconnections two years before the estimated deadline by utilizing design build method can be amplified in context to complex environments. In order to work effectively for making the project successful, the project managers needs to start environmental awareness program so that they can manage the project challenges within the complex environment effectively (Browning 2014). The PMI mainly identifies six main conditions that help in enhancing the chances of project successes within a complex environment. The conditions mainly include leadership, portfolio management, proper collaboration, performance measurements as well as aligning various structures of the organization (Locatelli, Mancini and Romano 2014). In addition to this, it is also very much necessary to understand the complex environment of the project by scanning it appropriately with the help of SWOT analysis. It is stated by Klein, Biesenthal and Dehlin (2015), that nearly all large as well as small projects help in exhibiting characteristics of complexity. It is identified that in T-REX projects, the challenges for management stem from various assumptions must be made before the planning of the project. The main properties of complex project are that it is mainly relative to the understanding of the individuals (Heagney 2016). It is analyzed that the project which are complex, creates problems for the team members in understanding however there is limits to the understanding of the people who are involved with the project and as a result complexity is considered as a characteristics of project. The tools and techniques of project management are utilized for reducing the complexities of the project. It is can be concluded that the design and construction project of T-REX faces lot of complexities in completing the project before the estimated time by utilizing design build method. The steps or reasons of complexities in the projects are properly illustrated. It is analyzed that in order to resolve the project related challenges, the organizations need to utilize environment awareness program so that the challenges of the project can be easily resolved in spite of the complex environment of the organization. In addition to this, it is very much necessary to analyze the properties of complexities quite effectively so that the level of complexity can be identified easily. It is stated by Conforto et al. (2014) that traditional project management approaches mainly assumes that the context of the project are unchanging and thus the key factors that are in spite of their complexities are reducible to various unambiguous elements for control and management. While the assumptions have simplified the entire task, it is identified that that the tools and techniques does not work within the project then the project is considered complex (Hornstein 2015). The various tools for complex projects helps in drawing the latest research in different areas of project management, system thinking as well as complexity theory for providing a proper reference to understand as well as manage the complexities of programmes as well as projects. The tools as well as techniques that are utilized in the project are helpful for the project manager so that they can easily manage complex projects. ii) Evidence The Arrow Construction Australia is one of the construction companies that engage in ground rebuilding when earthquakes devastated Christchurch (Bing.com 2018). It is identified that by braving harsh conditions as well as limited months of daylight, the company properly refurbished Scott base in Antarctica. It is analyzed that management of complex projects takes much more than coordination of steel as well as concrete (McKenna and Baume 2015). The gap that exists between the boardroom as well as construction site can be resolved by managing proper tools as well as techniques of project management. The project is heavily time constrained that in order to complete the project within time in spite of the complexities, the project manager utilizes the tools and techniques that are helpful in resolving the project complexities quite effectively. The tools and techniques that are utilized are as follows: Risk management: It is stated by Mir and Pinnington (2014) that within the environment of project there is always a chance of occurring adverse conditions, which mainly causes the project to fail or fail to meet various objectives of the project. However, having proper risk management tool helps in determining the project risk with their level of impact so that the risks as well as challenges associated with the project can be resolved quite effectively. In addition to this, the project managers must involve in scenario planning in order to identify the uncertainties as well as risks that are associated with the project. It is analyzed that scenario planning is not about determining the future but it is about exploring the future of the project. Budgeting process: According to Sudlow et al. (2015), budget is considered as a forecast or a quantified plan of action. It is identified that proper quantified plan of action assists in itemizing income as well as expenditure of the project. Budgetary planning is considered as a tool that assists in creating project budget as one of the part of project planning process. In order to produce the project budget, it is necessary to prepare a budget manual as well as budget committee so that proper planning; resource utilization, motivation as well as integration within the project can be performed properly. Critical path analysis: It is identified that critical path is utilized as a technique for good visual communication as well as planning for effective management of time. It is identified that critical path analysis helps in clearly displaying the interdependent relationships business generally existed between various activities as well as tasks that generally needs to be completed (Riol and Thuillier 2015). The critical path analysis helps in enabling proper effective resource planning which does not allow resources to move directly substitutable between various tasks. Gantt charts: It is stated by Fisher, Pillemer and Amabile (2017) that Gantt chart is considered as a project management tool, which is considered as a horizontal bar that is utilized for scheduling the entire project effectively. The Gantt chart can be utilized for planning the timescale of the entire project, which generally can be used for estimating various resources effectively. The Gantt charts are generally used for planning, coordinating as well as tracking various tasks that are mainly associated with the project. The Gantt charts are found to be very much effective for small projects and it is helpful for resolving issues as well as challenges related with the project. Work breakdown structure: The work breakdown structure is considered as an important tool that helps in planning effectively for breaking the key tasks of the projects into number of small units that are manageable. It generally assists in producing detailed list of tasks that helps in reducing project complexity and further assists in providing proper method of costing, scheduling as well as resource planning for a project (Mok, Shen and Yang 2015). It is analyzed that during a project, proper financial control can be properly achieved by actual expenditure. The WBS helps improving the resource planning as well as efficiency of the resources so that the project related issues can be managed effectively. It can be concluded that Arrow Construction Australia helps in resolving the complexities of the project by utilizing proper tools and techniques by the project managers. It is identified that proper tools and techniques like risk management, budgeting process, critical path analysis, and Gantt chart as well as work breakdown structure. The paper elaborates the significance of the project management tools that are used by the project managers in order to resolve the complexities that are mainly related with the project. Degree and nature of project cases discussed According to Heldman (2015), analysis of project, complexities are very much helpful in evaluating risks in real projects. The nature of project complexities can be determined in terms of time, cost, team composition, flexibility, violation of requirement, strategic importance, level of organizational change as well as level of proper IT complexities. On the other hand, degree of project complexity can be determined by analyzing the complexities of the project and the related factors that causes complexities within the project. The degree of project complexity assists in measuring the difficulty of executing a complex production process appropriately. It is stated by Klakegg (2016) that project complexity helps in measuring the difficulty of executing a complex process, which is considered complicated in an intricate operational network for forming proper workflow. It is identified that it is completed within proper stipulated cost, time as well as quality for achieving required func tion without creating conflict number of parties who are generally involved within the entire process. According to Baptista et al. (2016), the nature of construction as well as design of the project T-REX is found to be complex. It is identified that project that is selected is one of the transportation expansion project that is generally known as T-REX project that is mainly constructed through Colorado area. It mainly consists of 17 miles of highway expansion. It is analyzed that by utilizing design build traditional design bid method, the project would require around 7 years to complete the project however in order to minimize the time the contractors utilizes design build method (Puerto, Shane and Gransberg 2013). It is analyzed that the required time for the project reduces but the entire team with the project managers faces number of complexities due to number of interconnections as well as parts within the project. The main complexity is to complete the entire project succes sfully before the estimated time. It is identified by Rezvani et al. (2016) that in order to reduce project related complexities the project managers needs to analyze the organizational environment and the causes of the complexities. The steps that are before the project manager for reducing project complexity is resolve it, reduce it or live with it. In addition to this, one of the significant steps for minimizing the complexities of the project is by making the project complexities less severe so that they will create less impact on the project (Lu et al. 2015). It is analyzed that the nature as well as degree of project complexities can be identified with the help of proper tools. The tools that helps in addressing the degree of complexity includes earned vale, soft thinking tools as well as problem structuring tools. The tools are quite helpful in exhibiting proper structural complexity, which is generally applied in large number of project (Martens and Carvalho 2017). Furthermore the nature of the projects can be reviewed by utilizing tools that generally includes tools for mapping complexities, system anatomy tools as well as time linked semi structures. On the other hand, it is opined by Bing.com (2018) that the Arrow Construction Australia faces lot of complexities in moving with ground rebuilding when earthquakes devastated Christchurch. It is identified that by braving harsh conditions as well as limited months of daylight, the company properly refurbished Scott base in Antarctica. In order to complete the project successfully, the project managers of the company utilizes proper tools as well as techniques that are quite helpful in managing the complexities of the project (Kassem et al. 2015). It is analyzed that the degree of complexity within the project is analyzed properly by reviewing its nature successfully. The utilization of proper project management tools and techniques are helpful in resolving the complexities of the project effectively as per the degree of complexity within the project. The degree of complexity within the project is considered significant as it helps in providing proper information about project recognition, internalization as well as future changes. The project uses number of tools that suits the nature of project complexities in order to resolve it. It is opined by Lientz and Rea (2016) that one of the emerging tool that helps in classifying projects have generally proved to be very much useful in helping number of key stakeholders for recognizing the complications within the project. Being properly identifying the nature of complexity, the expected level of complication at the starting of each phase of the project generally assists the project stakeholders to control as well as monitor the project depending on the nature of the project complexity (Rezvani et al. 2016). Furthermore, another tool, which is named as time, linked semi structures are generally collected from the project observation. As per the observation, performance is considered as one of the critical driver in the environment of project, which is generally interlinked with various creative team activities. It can be concluded that both the degree as well as nature of projects are analyzed in order to identify appropriate tools that are helpful in resolving the project complications as per their nature as well as complexities. It is analyzed that the project uses different tools as per their nature and complexities. The project nature and degree can be reviewed by analyzing the project successfully. It is analyzed proper analysis is required in order to adopt steps or tools that are helpful in resolving project conflict that are mainly associated with the project. Both the case studies are analyzed appropriately and as a result proper steps for resolving their complications are provided successfully. Overall Discussion The entire paper discusses about the project complexities that are mainly faces while involving within the project. The complexity theory of the project mainly helps in understanding the social behaviors of both the network of people as well as team who are generally involved within the project. It is stated by Martens and Carvalho (2017) that complexity within the project is generally considered relative to the understanding of an individual and as there are certain limits of understanding thus complexity within the project is considered as one of the characteristic. It is analyzed that many of the organization generally develop proper means for assessing the complexity of the project. It is opined by Floricel et al. (2014) that a project manager also faces number of behavioral complexity however their own response can create number of additional complexity within the projects. It is analyzed by the management as well as senior practitioners of the project that complexity of the pro ject mainly helps in influencing both schedule as well as cost estimates of the project. In this paper causes, environments as well as properties of complex projects are elaborated. It is analyzed that for designing as well as constructing T-REX project, the project managers as well as contractors faces number of challenges as issues. The paper analyzes the causes of project complexities and the reasons include unhelpful behavior, failure to appreciate systemicity, simplistic project management as well as over-ambitious strategic management (San Cristobal 2017). It is analyzed that complexity within the T-REX project occurs as the team members of the project are from different cultures as well as interests and as a result they faces difficulty in providing proper rational decision on the project. The project manager of the T-REX project faces number of behavioral complexity however their response on that behavior creates additional complexity. It is identified that responding to number of disruption by taking number of decisions generally seek for recovering the original planned schedule which generally can create feedback loop with numerous unintended consequences (Braglia and Frosolini 2014). The over ambitious strategic management also helps in enhancing complexity in business as well as projects. In addition to this, it is found that the properties as well as environment of the project must be properly analyzed in order to implement proper environmental awareness program for the project managers as well as team members of the project so that they can be able to resolve the project complexities quite effectively (Eskerod, Huemann and Savage 2015). On the other hand, it is identified that the use of proper project management tools and techniques within the project by the project managers helps in playing an important role in project management. It is identified that Arrow Construction Australia, which is one of the construction company, refurbished Scott base in Antarctica by braving different harsh conditions as well as limited months of daylight. This is only possible due to proper management by the project managers as well as contractors of the project (Shenhar et al. 2016).The tools and techniques that are utilized by the management of the company include risk management, Gantt chart, work breakdown structure, budgeting process as well as critical path analysis. The utilization of proper tools and techniques is done by recognizing the type of project complexity. It is stated by Martinsuo and Hoverfalt (2018) that different kinds of complexity generally requires different approaches of project management and thus it is very much useful to recognize various types of project complexities for selecting the appropriate approaches as well as tools and techniques in order to manage the project effectively. It is identified that strategies for managing various kinds of complexity is generally exhibited by various projects as various parts of the project generally vary enormously. In addition to this, it is analyzed that determination of proper nature as well as degree is very much necessary to determine the level of complexity that is affecting the progress of the project. The nature as well as degree of complexity is generally identified by reviewing the projects effectively. It is opined by Bentahar and Cameron (2015) that the degree of project complexity is found to be important as it generally affects project internalization, future changes as well as project recognition (Tzortzopoulos, Zhang and Formoso 2016). One of the significant tools that are mainly used within the project in order to classify them for recognizing the complications those are mainly associated with the project. After proper identification, nature as well as expected level of complications within the project can be improved at the project initiation phase in order to monitor as well as control the complexities that are mainly associated with the project (Eskerod, Huemann and Savage 20 15). The paper also focuses on the ways in which the practitioners as well as organizations respond towards project complexities. In order to manage complex projects it is very much necessary to resolve the problems like integration challenges, interactional uncertainty as well as improper project team. Conclusion It can be concluded from the entire assignment that the complexities that occur within the project must be resolved appropriately by using appropriate approaches as well as tools so that the project managers can be able to complete the project effectively. In this paper, causes, environments as well as properties of project complexities are generally illustrated in order to analyze the reasons of complexities within the project. It is analyzed that proper analysis is done on the design as well as construction of T-REX project in order to know the reasons behind the complexities of the project. The project manager founds that proper environmental awareness program is very much required in order to execute the complex project effectively. In addition to this the paper also focuses on the Arrow construction company that resolves its complexities by utilizing proper project management tools and techniques. The selection of project management tools as well as approaches is done by the pro ject manager as per the level of project complexity. It is analyzed that the tools and techniques that are used includes risk management, Gantt chart, work breakdown structure, budgeting process as well as critical path analysis. All this tools and approaches are helpful in mitigating the complexities that the Arrow construction company faces. In addition to this, the paper also focuses on the nature as well as on the degree of project management. It is analyzed that proper analysis of project nature as well as degree is necessary in order to make sure the levels of complexities that going is to affect the project. Furthermore, the paper discusses proper method of identifying nature as well as degree of project for determining the complications so that they can be monitored as well as controlled before the initiation phase of the project. The entire paper also reflects on the ways that is mainly used by the stakeholders as well as practitioners of the project in order to respond suc cessfully to different project related complexities. Additionally, it is identified that for managing complex projects it is very much important to resolve the problems like integration challenges, interactional uncertainty as well as issues related with the project team. References Ahern, T., Leavy, B. and Byrne, P.J., 2014. Complex project management as complex problem solving: A distributed knowledge management perspective.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1371-1381. Baptista, A., Santos, F., Pscoa, J. and Sndig, N., 2016. Project management methodologies as main tool for current challenges in global economy driving historical changes.Journal of Advanced Management Science,4(2). Bentahar, O. and Cameron, R., 2015. Design and Implementation of a Mixed Method Research Study in Project Management.Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods,13(1). Bing.com. (2018).Arrow Construction Australia Case Study - MBS. [online] Available at: https://www.bing.com/cr?IG=B01D39EADAA041B4A9962BFBF3570C2CCID=02EA58F5B2A0613F09DC5379B30F608Brd=1h=1N_jj0AHVqJTwWlmYULINXpLF6z8WxGLnTiQ3xA3Mv0v=1r=https%3a%2f%2fmbs.edu%2feducation-development%2fexeceducation%2fcase-studies%2fopen-programs%2farrowconstructionaustraliap=DevEx,5067.1 [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. Braglia, M. and Frosolini, M., 2014. An integrated approach to implement project management information systems within the extended enterprise.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.18-29. Browning, T.R., 2014. Managing complex project process models with a process architecture framework.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.229-241. Conforto, E.C., Salum, F., Amaral, D.C., da Silva, S.L. and de Almeida, L.F.M., 2014. Can agile project management be adopted by industries other than software development?.Project Management Journal,45(3), pp.21-34. Eskerod, P., Huemann, M. and Savage, G., 2015. Project stakeholder managementpast and present.Project Management Journal,46(6), pp.6-14. Fisher, C.M., Pillemer, J. and Amabile, T.M., 2017. Deep help in complex project work: Guiding and path-clearing across difficult terrain.Academy of Management Journal, pp.amj-2016. Fleming, Q.W. and Koppelman, J.M., 2016, December. Earned value project management. Project Management Institute. Floricel, S., Bonneau, C., Aubry, M. and Sergi, V., 2014. Extending project management research: Insights from social theories.International Journal of Project Management,32(7), pp.1091-1107. Heagney, J., 2016.Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Heldman, K., 2015.PMP project management professional exam deluxe study guide: updated for the 2015 Exam. John Wiley Sons. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.291-298. Kassem, M., Kelly, G., Dawood, N., Serginson, M. and Lockley, S., 2015. BIM in facilities management applications: a case study of a large university complex.Built Environment Project and Asset Management,5(3), pp.261-277. Kerzner, H., 2017.Project management metrics, KPIs, and dashboards: a guide to measuring and monitoring project performance. John Wiley Sons. Klakegg, O.J., 2016. Project Risk Management: Challenge Established Practice. Klein, L., Biesenthal, C. and Dehlin, E., 2015. Improvisation in project management: A praxeology.International journal of project management,33(2), pp.267-277. Lientz, B. and Rea, K., 2016.Breakthrough technology project management. Routledge. Locatelli, G., Mancini, M. and Romano, E., 2014. Systems Engineering to improve the governance in complex project environments.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1395-1410. Lu, Y., Luo, L., Wang, H., Le, Y. and Shi, Q., 2015. Measurement model of project complexity for large-scale projects from task and organization perspective.International Journal of Project Management,33(3), pp.610-622. Lu, Y., Luo, L., Wang, H., Le, Y. and Shi, Q., 2015. Measurement model of project complexity for large-scale projects from task and organization perspective.International Journal of Project Management,33(3), pp.610-622. Martens, M.L. and Carvalho, M.M., 2017. Key factors of sustainability in project management context: A survey exploring the project managers' perspective.International Journal of Project Management,35(6), pp.1084-1102. Martens, M.L. and Carvalho, M.M., 2017. Key factors of sustainability in project management context: A survey exploring the project managers' perspective.International Journal of Project Management,35(6), pp.1084-1102. Martinsuo, M. and Hoverflt, P., 2018. Change program management: Toward a capability for managing value-oriented, integrated multi-project change in its context.International Journal of Project Management,36(1), pp.134-146. McKenna, A. and Baume, G., 2015. Complex project conceptualization and the linguistic turn; the case of a small Australian construction company.International Journal of Project Management,33(7), pp.1476-1483. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), pp.202-217. Mok, K.Y., Shen, G.Q. and Yang, J., 2015. Stakeholder management studies in mega construction projects: A review and future directions.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.446-457. Puerto, C., Shane, J. and Gransberg, D. (2013).A Case Study In Complex Project Management: T-Rex. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/16243824/A_Case_Study_In_Complex_Project_Management_T-Rex [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. Rezvani, A., Chang, A., Wiewiora, A., Ashkanasy, N.M., Jordan, P.J. and Zolin, R., 2016. Manager emotional intelligence and project success: The mediating role of job satisfaction and trust.International Journal of Project Management,34(7), pp.1112-1122. Rezvani, A., Chang, A., Wiewiora, A., Ashkanasy, N.M., Jordan, P.J. and Zolin, R., 2016. Manager emotional intelligence and project success: The mediating role of job satisfaction and trust.International Journal of Project Management,34(7), pp.1112-1122. Riol, H. and Thuillier, D., 2015. Project management for academic research projects: balancing structure and flexibility.International Journal of Project Organisation and Management,7(3), pp.251-269. San Cristbal, J.R., 2017. Complexity in Project Management.Procedia Computer Science,121, pp.762-766. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Shenhar, A.J., Holzmann, V., Melamed, B. and Zhao, Y., 2016. The Challenge of Innovation in Highly Complex Projects: What Can We Learn from Boeing's Dreamliner Experience?.Project Management Journal,47(2), pp.62-78 Sudlow, C., Gallacher, J., Allen, N., Beral, V., Burton, P., Danesh, J., Downey, P., Elliott, P., Green, J., Landray, M. and Liu, B., 2015. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age.PLoS medicine,12(3), p.e1001779. Svejvig, P. and Andersen, P., 2015. Rethinking project management: A structured literature review with a critical look at the brave new world.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.278-290. Todorovi?, M.L., Petrovi?, D.?., Mihi?, M.M., Obradovi?, V.L. and Bushuyev, S.D., 2015. Project success analysis framework: A knowledge-based approach in project management.International Journal of Project Management,33(4), pp.772-783. Tzortzopoulos, P., Zhang, Y. and Formoso, C.T., 2016. Managing Complex Social Housing Urban Redevelopment Projects through Improved Project Management and Value Generation. Book of Abstracts Verzuh, E., 2015.The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons.

Allegory of Corkscrew Essay Example

Allegory of Corkscrew Essay The excerpt of Corkscrew by Dashiell Hammett, dramatizes the trip and arrival of the narrator to a town called Corkscrew, however, in reality the narrator finds himself amidst an allegorical journey to hell. In the opening passage, in order to emphasize the representative setting the author uses a simile to reveal the excruciating, unendurable, and discomforting heat. Along with the implementation of an allusion the writer affirms that people must confront hell alone. As the speaker arrives to Corkscrew the author depicts the narrator with a poignant tone due to hyperbole voiced as he wished for the end of his life. Notably, Hammett also integrates visual imagery in order to represent the final arrival to hell. Hammett exhibits the inhabitants of inferno, utilizing alliteration, satire, and a symbol to embody the peoples unhealthy morals. Therefore, in Corkscrew by Dashiell Hammett, the allegorical aspect of the journey becomes clear due to the setting of the harrowing journey and profligate Corkscrew. Through the characterization of the narrator and Corkscrews citizens, Hammett accentuates that immoral people constituting his pandemonium. Hammett starts his work with an unbearable, solitary, and unconventional trip to Corkscrew, illustrating the narrators symbolic setting. The excerpt starts with complaints from the narrator that he was boiling like a coffeepot, in the white dust of the Arizona desert. The usage of the simile boiling like a coffeepot transmits the unbearable condition of the day; metaphorically presenting the image of the narrator burning in flames, distinctive of a journey to hell. Afterwards, the narrator pronounces his solitary journey when he utters that [he] was the only passenger, in the bus to Corkscrew. We will write a custom essay sample on Allegory of Corkscrew specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Allegory of Corkscrew specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Allegory of Corkscrew specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Considering the usual depiction of hell, as a place people must confront alone, the quote underlines the speakers supreme solitude during his tormenting descent. Simultaneously, the speaker describes the disruption of silence due to the fact, the driver cursed the necessity of stopping to feed his clattering machine more water. Through the citation, the author presents an allusion to Charon, bearing in mind, that Greek mythology describes the way as an extensive meander with an agonizing silence; adjoining to the suggestion, of the speakers incapability of escaping from odyssey. Furthermore, the diction feed personifies the vehicle; implying human weaknesses, like hunger, are what drive people into hell since that forced them to stop and take longer on their way. Accordingly, the narrator realizes the ultimate destiny of his journey as he approaches it. The narrators passage through hells gates ends up giving him a mournful tone as he approaches the city, and ends up rationalizing his trip to hell through his characterization. Sweltering, agonizing, and secluded, the narrator steadily continues his journey to Corkscrew as he aspires to bang out of existence in one explosive flash. Nevertheless, [he] didnt care if, he died. The hyperbolic aspect of his intended death stresses the mans desperation and regret, transmitting the appalling tone, in order to avoid his known destiny. Positing his characterization as a pessimistic, despondent, and afflicted man. The depiction accentuates what aspects oblige a person to endure the austere conditions of that day; and eventually go to the ghoulish Corkscrew. Suddenly the speaker topped a sharp ridge and slid down into Corkscrew. The succinct visual imagery presents the narrators passage through the devilish portal. Considering that the diction slid down suggests the narrators fall into abyss. Hammett utilizes a concise paragraph, signifying the gates thinness. Allowing the reader to intuit the characters promenade through the entrance. Marking the shift from the scalding heat on the road, to the blistering heat in Corkscrew. Thus, once the speaker has gone through he realizes that Corkscrew wouldnt have been impressive at any time. The haughty tone, confirms the protagonists suspicion about Corkscrew, a city of heinous morals.

Western Influence is destroying Indian Culture essays

Western Influence is destroying Indian Culture essays The word CULTURE has been derived from a French word CULTURA which means to cultivate, to till, to grow. Therefore culture is a process of growth through the means of education, discipline, training etc.. Western and Indian cultures are diametrically opposed. The reason for this is that western culture is based on the principles of MATERIALISM, whereas Indian culture is based on the tenets and principles of SPIRITUALISM. Materialism stands for worldly possessions, wealth, canons of economics, material gains etc., whereas spiritualism stands for moral values, ethics, scruples, virtues and the power to distinguish between right and wrong, between good and evil, between correct and incorrect etc. It is essential to have material possessions in this world. It is a source of sustenance. It is a must to have economic advancement and liberalisation alongwith globalisation. Scientific advancement is another sphere where India as a country needs to develop. Technological development is essential for India today. With the advent of cable TV and the Internet, urban India is very well connected with the rest of the world and is abreast with the latest happenings and goings on. We need wealth to make our lives comfortable and to improve our quality of living, but at the same time we must remember that in the process of acquiring the above, we must never lose our power of distinguishing right from wrong, good from evil, and must allow the ecclesiastical to rule over the material. The attainment of worldly possessions overriding morals, scruples, ethics and virtues will bring about the ruination of man. The cradle of culture in India is the family system. This is where the growth, rearing up and breeding of individuals in this country develops. The western influence of materialism seems to have infiltrated into our family system, specially in the urban areas. Love and affection for youngsters and respect for elders seems to have become the e ...

Morality of Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Morality of Abortion - Essay Example Therefore, the debate between the two groups continues endlessly. Since either party fails to shake off the context-specificity of abortion, the groups on either side of abortion makes them vulnerable to each other’s critiques (Marquis 183-187). Personhood, right to life, and ethics are several recurring keywords in both the pro and contra abortion debate. Often these themes serve as the grand principles of the attempts to validate the arguments of either party on the issue of abortion. But unfortunately, these themes themselves have been contaminated by the context-specificity. In his article, â€Å"A Defense of Abortion†, though Jarvis Thompson attempts to deal with the permissibility of general abortion, he mostly hovers around some specific contexts of abortion that may draw the readers’ emotional support, and then rational, to his stance on the issue of abortion. Indeed Thompson’s approach is to establish a person’s or a woman’s right to abortion from a pure ethical point of view. He argues that since an unexpected conception of a baby in its mother’s womb due to a rape or other cases is in direct conflict with its mother’s right to choose, the mother’s choice to abortion may proved to be mean and selfish according to the existing morals of a society, but she has the right to abort the baby. Thompson’s success lies in drawing a clear dichotomy between morals and ethics on the issue of the abortion. According to him, a mother’s right to choose to deprive her unborn baby from its right to life through abortion should be based on ethics, whereas her choice to allow the baby to live in her womb is a question of her and her society’s morality. Thompson’s propounded ethics asserts that if one’s right to choice does not come into direct conflict with another’s right to life, he or she cannot be held responsible for the violation of

Choose from the book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Choose from the book - Essay Example He played a significant role, in the Watergate scandal, by supporting his president through the aftermath of the scandal. Question # 5 The two primary objectives of the Women’s Movement were protecting of homes and acting against the negativities of alcohol abuse. It encouraged women to stand up and participate in nation building. It advocated for a healthy lifestyle and shunning all that was defective, in society. Question # 6 The Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred on the East coast of North Vietnam and to the West Coast of Hainan Island. Vietnamese torpedo patrol boats attacked the American destroyer, Maddox, marking the official involvement of the United States of America in the Vietnam War through the signing of a decree by the then president. Question # 7 My Lai massacre took place on March 16TH 1968. It was a village with 700 people South East of a United States army base in Danang. It involved the killing of village civilians amounting to between 347 to 504 people killed by the American forces. Question # 8 Tet is the name given to the Vietnamese New Year. The Tet offensive was conducted on the Tet of 1968, by the communist forces, on all Southern Vietnamese cities, including an attack on the American embassy where many civilians were killed escalating the situation even further to an all out war. Question # 9 The Iran-Contra was a secret action by the United States that was not affirmed by congress. It happened in 1985 when the United States administration under President Ronald Reagan, supplied weapons to Iran in exchange for hostages that were being held by Hezbollah a terrorist outfit loyal to Ayatollah Khomeini the Iran leader. Proceeds from this sale were given to the Contra guerrillas in Nicaragua. The Contras were armed opposition to Nicaragua’s Sandinista Junta, of National Reconstruction, which formed after Anastasio Somoza Dabayle was overthrown from government ending his dictatorship regime. Question # 10 Bob Woodward and Carl Ber nstein were two Washington Post reporters who broke out the Water-gate scandal to the public. They got their information from a source they called Deep Throat, whose real identity they never revealed to protect their source of information, which was allowed by law and enshrined, in the constitution. The law is still applicable up to today to protect journalist’s sources. Question # 11 The Gorbachev policy of Perestroika and Glasnost were the two policies that were put into practice, in the USSR. Perestroika was the democratization of the communist party allowing civilians to have a modest ay in government, economic reform by allowing some industries to operate semi-privately and end price control through a semi-free market system. Glasnost meant openness which increased the freedom of expression in the media and in the people which helped whistle blowing and exposing corruption. Question # 12 A group of Communist Hardliners led by his former vice president Gennady Yanayev arr ested and imprisoned Gorbachev. President Boris Yeltsin convinced them to release him. Question # 13 The destruction of the Berlin Wall marked the symbolic end of the Cold-War which united the communist East and the capitalist West Germany into one capitalist state. Question #14 President Clinton was impeached because for high crimes of perjury, abuse of power and obstruction of justice. The allegations

God In You Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

God In You - Essay Example Dreams illuminate our lives; however, the peaks are higher than the imagination. Jeremiah feels a great joy to participate in God’s work in the hearts and lives of people. God keeps his servants humble and saves them from temptation and self-centeredness. The devotion should be continuous and constant. The commitment is for life; and our dreams should be greater than our memories. When disciples worry about the future and ask to see the Father, Jesus answers that the Father dwells in Him and He is acting on his behalf. Jesus told his disciples that all his words, the miracles he accomplished and all deeds are God’s actions, not His. Jesus Explains that his presence is not necessary, God’s work will continue and that they may even have greater accomplishment than Him. He urges them to look in the future and not look back. Even though Jesus’ hint that his disciples can do greater work may be blasphemous, he invokes their beliefs and faith. In fact, the promi se of doing greater work is linked to the coming of the Holy Spirit. However, Jesus had to leave for the Holy Spirit to come, which he clearly explained to his disciples. Therefore Jesus’ crucifixion, then ascension, was followed by the pouring of the Holy Spirit that becomes the third part of the Trinity. Then Peter, filled with the Holy Spirit, said to them, â€Å"Rulers of the people and elders of Israel: If we this day are judged for a good deed done to a helpless man, by what means he has been made well, let it be known to you all, and to all the people of Israel, that by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom you crucified, whom God raised from the dead, by Him this man stands here before you whole† (NKJV, Acts 4: 8-10). Jesus advocates the importance of the spiritual over the material and the eternal over the temporal. â€Å"Then Jesus, being filled with the

Specific Job Description And General Job Description Commerce Essay

Specific Job Description And General Job Description Commerce Essay General job des is best suitable if the single task has to be carried on by the group of people or if the same duties and functions are to be performed by multiple people may be at same department, place or at different places the best example may be the call canter executives or the customer support executives where as it may not the case in job des of specific nature General Job des may be for the lower level positions where the requirement is for huge amount of personnels or it may even be good for operational level. Whereas specific job des is for tactical and strategic levels General Job description may explain vision, mission, policies etc where as the later is position specific in an organisation Their may be group of people with same designation, salary ,roles and responsibility in general job des but the case may not be the same in specific job des specific job des may be required when the organisation wants to recruit the specialised person with specific skill sets 2. Suppose several people are employed in the same job as the one for which you are writing a job description. Would it be necessary to write a different job description for each person who works in the same job? In an organisation to develop the job description, it is necessary to study the competencies, abilities and skills that are required because when developing job description manager is supposed to make an analysis of job not the job holder of the position not the person, because all the people are supposed to carry on same function, has to achieve similar objective, it will also support you in evaluation the performance or performance appraisal, The training and development cost may be reduced The promotion structure and monitoring will be facilitated It will be advantageous in compensation management, declaring financial and non financial incentives The poor and the best performers may be well identified 3. Carefully follow a format for the specific Job Description when writing the job description for the job you selected. Make sure that you include in you job description the following elements: job description is an activity which will be based on the job analysis and it will be a document where filtering process will be undertaken as at first when I wanted to prepare the job description and wanted to list down the number of activities that are performed it has gone unto 43 then I have started clustering it under different headings therefore I have first started from macro then gone for micro, as already been mentioned in my previous explanation also that we have to develop job or position not job holder or person as the organisation will be stable and positions will be stable but it may be replaced with many eligible people so we designate power, authority accountability, and responsibility to positions and most importantly first the position is created then we will match with the person which is important function in job description The job description is developed to know why the job is to be performed, what are the task that are to be accomplished, and how it has to be performed THE DESCRIPTION FORMAT FOR HR EXECUTIVE Department : Human Resource Department Designation Or Title Of The Job : Human Resources Executive or HR assistant Job Summary :- the job includes carrying on the recruitment and selection for the organisation for which identify the potential sources from which the talent or potential candidates may be sourced, arranging the recruitment and selections. Coordinating with various departments and .forecasting the manpower requirement and coordinate and plan internal and external recruitment, maintaining of database of human resources Job duties and responsibilities :- The job responsibilities may include job analysis Manpower planning by collecting the data from all the departments of organisation Coordinating with all the heads of departments and collecting necessary details of requirements and eligibilities Manpower forecasting and planning Recruitment of candidates by internal and external sources Coordinating with all placement agencies and placement consultants Conducting interviews, review of application forms by various screening techniques Development and maintaining recruitment policy Work with accounts admin department for developing payroll Designing and conducting the induction and skill enhancement training program Reviewing and evaluation of employee performance and constant performance appraisal activities has to be carried on. All the other human resource activities also has to be looked after d) Job requirements :- Candidate has to be well versed with reading, writing and speaking English Person has to have in-depth knowledge of human resource management Should possess negotiation, counselling and motivational skills He has to have knowledge about International labour organisation rules and regulations Thorough knowledge in computers, web browsing and other packages of payroll management e) Minimum qualification The person has to have bachelors or masters degree in personal management, human resource management or any other HR degree from reputed university Diploma in computers Task 2 Clone or Complement? What to look for in a team In many organizations that have moved to a team structure, the team is the principal unit where work gets done. However, most organizations recruit and hire as though there was one job description and the team did not exist. The reality is that people have natural strengths or tendencies and therefore end up playing different roles on a team. For example, some people are naturally empathetic and focused on interpersonal issues. Others are focused on and most comfortable with technical aspects. Others like the excitement of identifying new concepts and solutions but arent cut out for dealing with the operational details needed to carry them through. Recent research has found that allowing people to play to their strengths can yield maximum performance and employee satisfaction. Critical thinking questions IF THERE ARE DISTINCT ROLES TO BE PLAYED ON A TEAM, HOW WOULD YOU GO ABOUT RECRUITING AND HIRING FOR THEM? The business world had made tremendous growth and development not only operationally but also strategically, due to the liberalisation ,globalisation and privatisation the whole world had became a global village ,therefore the need of an hour is the dynamism in operation and matching the trends with constant change for which their has to be the dynamism in the human resources as the organisation does not have any existence if there are no people which has been explained in the definition of organisation Further the recruitment may be by many ways which are as follows The internal recruitment process may be followed where the employees has to be motivated for facilitating in organisation recruitment process, the company may also declare some financial and non financial incentives to present personals (reference method) by this the company may have various advantages like Company may get the trust worthy people as they are been referred The new recruited will be knowing the policies and operations of organisation as referee might have updated him The cohesiveness among the team mates will be high as the are been referred by them only, the learning process will be comparatively faster The company may even have cost effectiveness as this process comparatively will cost less in monetary as well as risk terms The company may also hire the people from the channel member as they may be with good knowledge about organisation modus of operation The present employees working in an organisation on contract or temporary basis also may be hired The organisaton may go for campus recruitment where they may hire fresh talent as trainees where they have to be exposed to the concern teams, the students may also provided the internship or projects where based on their efforts ,ability and interest they may also be recruited The characteristics needed by individual team members depend on the team and the strengths and weakness of others who are on the team. In other words, the situation is much more dynamic than assuming that there is one static job with a single set of qualifications. How could you model or include this dynamic and interactive nature in the recruitment and hiring process? The company may follow as mentioned above and the referral strategy may be also be followed The company may focus on high level and professional induction training with both in house and on the job training methods One of the most advanced method may be Japanese method of life time employment where the candidates has to be hired from their schooling only, there fore the cohesiveness among members will be more ,they will be clear about career path etc The company may also hire some reputed placement consultants and take the help from employee clubs The organisation may also go for set up of its own college or make mou with some reputed university to impart the specialised knowledge of company its policies and procedure as done b mc Donalds and icici Team exercise As a team, identify the roles that you think are important for teams in the workplace. Identify the skills needed to perform each role. It has been stated in the book essentials of management that their are three major skills required in an organisation that has been explains as fallows Conceptual skills Human Skills Technical Skills TOP LEVEL MIDDLE LEVEL LOWER LEVEL The fist category of skills is the conceptual skills: the conceptual skill has to be in maximum quantum by top level and as we go down the level i.e at lower level it decreases The second category of skills is the human skills which are to be in equal quantum by all the levels Third skills are the technical skills which will be at high quantum at lower level and decreases when moved till top level Other skills required are as fallows profitable judgment knowledge about product both technical and non technical effective time managing skills planning and organizing skills communication skills computer and it skills problem-solving and decision-making team-working and developing/helping others energy, determination and work-rate steadiness under pressure leadership and integrity innovativeness ,adaptableness, flexibility, and mobility personal appearance and image appreciation and application of social responsibility, sustainability, and ethical considerations In addition to skills, a natural tendency or motivation to perform in a particular type of role can be critical. How could you measure the motivation needed for each role? How could you measure the skills needed for each role? Motivation is an ongoing process where the motivational needs of the employees change from time to time more so over it has been identified by great researchers like Maslow and Hertzberg who stated different motivational factors for a human being .as stated by Maslow who correlated the needs hierarchy the form of basic needs, security needs, social and love needs, esteem needs and self actualisation need where he explained there are different set of factors at each hierarchy. Which can be correlated as major motivational factors for which a manager has to do following To know the motivational factors of employees first the manager has to be motivated He has to be epithetic Study in detail the organisational goals so as to correlate with goals of employees Then understand what factors motivate them by judgment and experience as well as collecting information from employee itself Recognize that supporting employee motivation is a process, not a task Support employee motivation by using organizational systems (for example, policies and procedures) dont just count on good intentions The factors once identified by analysis ands reviewing job and job description they may be put on a structured or semi structured questionnaire, generally all the motivational factors will be qualitative factors therefore standard scales for measurement may not be used so develop own scale with open-ended, ranking, grading and other qualitative ways of questions the manager may use even attitude measurement scales like likert, thurstone, semantic differential scale etc. How could you effectively recruit for the various positions or roles? In a simpler words the effective recruitment starts with development of effective recruitment plan by appropriate feasting, perfect job analysis ands developing good job description, Present your recruitment and selection plan by preparing a report not exceeding e500 words. R-RESOURCEFUL E-ENERGETIC C-CHARISMATIC R-REALISTIC U-UBIQUITOUS I-INQUISITIVE T-TACTFUL E-EAGER R-RIGHTEOUS Be prepared there is an old phrase in management which says if you fail to plan then you are planning to fail. Therefore if the organized planning is done it will definitely result in reducing time and cost of recruitment at the same time tabbing high potential for which following are to be done Analyze market trend within your business and industry is a very important element of the planning stage. Yet a day is able to create a gigantic differentiation so plan to have a hoard of resources which you can instantly take from as soon as the need arises. There are usually three type of role you will apply in your industry: High churn role usually the least possible time to employ, but the very ften advertisement. The advantage of high churn functions is that you repeatedly get the opportunity to analyse new technique to well adjust your hiring method. This is the group of candidate that your ongoing recruitment drive should be target. There are numerous instance where organisations run recruitment campaign even when they have no vacancy. Medium churn roles these are the role which are seen less frequintly for additional vital part of your organisation. This could be a mid-level manager who leaves their subordinate with no one to report to, or a expert member of staff who has a exceptional skill set. The best way to decrease time to employ with these position is to put up a talent pool which you can contact when the time comes. combine this with a extremely targeted online recruitment campaign should bring you a good number of prospects of candidates to select from. Low churn roles For long term strategically important role which are much less often hired for, its not as much of important for you to fill up the role rapidly and added significant to identify the right person. However, there are still some things you can do to help drive the progression all along.recruiters usually work on commission only and you should be able to get often day to day reports on who in the business may be ready to make a move so when the time comes you know the best people out there to fill the departing shoes. Internal recruitment is your other option for filling a position quickly, although remember that shifting an employee into a new role will only open up a gap elsewhere. Strategy =2 measure trend in: external labour markets, Current employees Future organisational plans, General economic trends Æ’Â ª Predict demand Æ’Â ­ Æ’Â ® Forecast internal Forecast external supply supply Æ’Â ® Æ’Â ­ Compare future demand and internal supply Æ’Â ª Plan for short-falls or over-staffing Steps for recruitment Describe the work or the job Profiling the candidates Converse your job needs Decide precisely the methodology Important questions to be considered whether we have the requirement for the said job? What are the task involved in job? What are the skill sets to be possed by the person? What may be the sources of getting person How to call them to our organisaton ? Formal and strategic approach Man power planning and forecasting Detailed Job analysis Development of Job description Specifying the job roles and responsibilities Starting the Recruitment Conducting Selection process Induction and job offer Different ways of Job Analysis Developing the Questionnaire Conducting Individual Interview Observational method Judgement and Expert Analysis method Work Participation Critical Incident Technique Job Descriptions Job Specifications Elements of a Job Description Job title Department Location Reporting toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Main tasks Staff responsibilities Rewards conditions Impact on others Qualifications Innate abilities Motivation Emotional adjustment Most Popular Methods Advertisement in local news papers Advertisement in specialist press Advertisement in national press Placement and Employment agency Putting Notice inside premises Job centres Education liaison Unsolicited application Careers service Head hunters Careers fairs Internet Word-of-mouth

Health Issues of Indigenous Australians Essay -- Sociology

As health professionals, we must look beyond individual attributes of Indigenous Australians to gain a greater understanding and a possible explanation of why there are such high rates of ill health issues such as alcoholism, depression, abuse, shorter life expectancy and higher prevalence of diseases including diabetes, heart disease and obesity in our indigenous population. Looking at just the individual aspects and the biomedical health model, we don’t get the context of Aboriginal health. This is why we need to explore in further detail what events could have created such inequities in Aboriginal health. Other details that we should consider are the historical and cultural factors such as, ‘terra nullius’, dispossession and social Darwinism, early attempts of genocide towards Indigenous Australians, segregation and the ‘protection’ legislation, the assimilation policy, self-determination and â€Å"the emergence of Indigenous protest† (Psych ology and Indigenous Australians, Foundations of Cultural Competence, 2009, pp.84) as well as the limiting factors of being part of a low socioeconomic status group and statistical health differences between Indigenous Australians and non-Indigenous Australians compared to other countries Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. By encompassing all of these details, we can begin to establish why Aboriginal’s tend to have more health issues and what can be done to improve these health inequities. When the English settlers arrived on Australian shores in 1776 (The Story of the Australian People, 2010), they didn’t see anything that represented that the land was owned, so they claimed it as their own under ‘terra nullius’ in 1776. â€Å"In International Law 'terra nullius' describes territory that n... ...=33 Australian Museum. (2011). Indigenous Australia Timeline - 1901 to 1969. Retrieved May 5, 2012, from http://australianmuseum.net.au/Indigenous-Australia-Timeline-1901-to-1969 Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. (2008). Wave Hill Walk-Off Route more information. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/wave-hill/information.html Australia Bureau of Statistics. (2010). ADULT HEALTH: RISK FACTORS AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter750Oct+2010 Australia Bureau of Statistics. . (2010). ACCESS TO HEALTH AND COMMUNITY SERVICES: ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter955Oct+2010 Indigenous Health Lecture, Slide 8.

Sleeping Beauty vs. Snow White Essay

Every small girl make-believes to be a princess and struts around conceive ofing a prince charming. Even when they grow up and go a adult female. they’re still waiting for that prince to come brush them off their pess. so they can fall loony in love and unrecorded merrily of all time after. This phantasy is much because of Walt Disney films such as â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† . â€Å"Snow White† . â€Å"Cinderella† . â€Å"Little Mermaid† . and many others. These narratives have been passed down for centuries and legion versions exist today. There are many readings of the narratives and their significances that most people don’t even acknowledge. Though the narratives all seem different. some of them still have similar significances. â€Å"Snow White† and â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† are two narratives that have a common significance. Sleeping Beauty and Snow White are both characters that are unrealistically beautiful. Sleeping Beauty for case. had just tegument. bluish eyes. long light-haired hair. and an impossibly thin figure. This sets unrealistic criterions for female beauty. Besides the narratives show a dependance on males for the female individuality. The princess is kiping. merely waiting for her prince to come salvage her so she can restart her topographic point as princess and â€Å"live merrily of all time after† . Snow White was besides poisoned and laid sleeping until her prince came to salvage her. In a manner. this is stating that adult females are merely waiting about for a adult male to come salvage them from ordinary life. so that they can hold their ‘happily of all time after’ stoping. Another point that shows up in â€Å"Cinderella† is that the stepmother who raised three kids on her ain. which shows independency. is made the scoundrel of the narrative. while inacti ve Cinderella is the loveable victim. In these fairy narratives. they show intertwine a adult female is nil without a adult male. They give the image that a adult female has nil to make but wait for her prince. and so one time he comes her life will be fulfilled. In today’s universe it’s rather obvious that these things could non be more false. Harmonizing to Bruno Bettelheim. the legion versions of â€Å"Snow White† and â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† represent a immature miss turning up and going a adult female. though it is showed in different ways. In â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† . or in Grimm’s version â€Å"Brier Rose† . the expletive put on the miss by the evil faery represent new limitations imposed on a female. It can be interpreted as the beginning of menses. The 13 faeries represent the months of the calendar. The 12 good faeries represent the 12 traditional months of the twelvemonth. and since there is no 13th month. the 13th faery represents menses. Besides the evil faery realizes the girl’s potency for going the object of desire and out of jealousy attempts to forestall the miss from of all time going a adult female. Further on the representation of the expletive as menses. there is the King seeking to forestall it from go oning. because he does non understand it. However. the Queen understands the expletive and its importance. being a adult female herself. and does nil to halt it. So of course when the miss sees a spindle for the first clip. full of wonder. Se pricks her finger and falls asleep. The absence of the girl’s parents when she pricks her finger represents the parents’ inability to assist kids through the assorted tests of turning up. The King and Queen’s waiting symbolizes the delay for sexual fulfilment. It shows the terminal of childhood and a clip of quiet growing. from which she will rouse mature and ready for sexual brotherhood ( Bettelheim. 232 ) . In the narrative of â€Å"Snow White† . Bettelheim explains how it tells of how a parent ( the Queen ) gets destroyed by green-eyed monster of her kid. who in turning up surpasses her ( 195 ) . The Queen is non merely covetous of Snow White’s beauty in some versions. but besides covetous of the love of the male parent for the miss. They are jealously combating to be the King’s favourite. Since Snow White is more beautiful. she has more power and able to win over her male parent. Bettelheim uses Freud’s Oedipus composite for understanding the struggles between Snow White and her stepmother. The King and Queen in narratives represent absolute power. such as a parent holds over the kid. When the child’s place in the household becomes a job. they try to get away to get down the route to happening themselves. Snow White’s clip with the midget represents her period of growing ( 201 ) . When Snow White eats the apple. the kid in her dies. and is lef t to rest in a glass casket. which represents waiting for adulthood. until her prince comes ( 213 ) . Both these narratives represent a miss maturating into a adult female. and holding an older adult female jealous of their beauty. seeking to forestall them from turning up. These characters have to travel through a hibernating period of resting. so they can make sexual fulfilment and awake matured. ready to get down a life with their prince. There is besides person in both narratives. a male. who does non understand the maturing period. and attempts to forestall it. In â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† it was the King and in â€Å"Snow White† it was the seven midgets who tried to assist her. This shows that despite a parents efforts to prorogue being able to make adulthood at the proper clip. it happens however.

Kra canal

Kra canal The discussions of the opening of the kra canal1677 The Kra Canal was first proposed on this year,during the reign of King Narai the Great1793 project was revived by King Ramai's brother in during the early Rattanakosin period.1858 King Rama III revived the project again.1872-1882 It was followed by King Rama V.1917 Next came King Rama VI, who looked at the project.1960 The project was proposed by big businessman Chao Chaokwanyuen.1982 Proposals from Admiral Amorn Sirikaya, Chumphol Silpa-archa and Yupha Udomsak.The Nation, September 8, 2001KRA CANAL PROPOSAL: Revival of dream urgedMinistry says full feasibility study should be launchedMalaysia backs canal go-ahead - Bangkok Post, May 10, 2002The canal would be good for the region, even though Malaysia's own port business would suffer if it went ahead, Mr Mahathir told him. The project, which has been on and off the drawing board for many decades, became Gen Chavalit's political canvassing manifesto.King Rama VI Monument at Lumphini Park, Bangkok. T...Chinese and Malaysian firms were keen to invest in the project, which was expected to take seven years and cost 800 billion baht. The feasibility study alone is costing the government 1.8 billion baht.Finding out about Phuket Pass Project Limited - February 15, 2003Phuket Pass Project Limited is the company that was given the contract for the expensive study of the Kra Canal Project. It first surfaced in the news on August 8, 2002 when it was reported the company would receive the canal study project.The embarrassing Kra canal saga - July 7, 2003The question of whether a canal is viable or not continues to be a moot point as the continuing murky subject of the expensive study drags on.July 6, 2003PPP was awarded the contract on Jan 17 by the national...

Two Distinctive Leaders - Gandhi and Hitler essays

Two Distinctive Leaders - Gandhi and Hitler essays At first glance, the similarities between these two men may not be evident, but surely the differences are quite obvious. Professionally, both Mahatma Gandhi and Adolf Hitler were political leaders of high caliber, one being the leader of the Nazi Movement before and during World War II and the other being the political/social leader of the people of India during the time when the country was under the control of the British Empire. And like most leaders, both Gandhi and Hitler were highly admired and often imitated by those who either knew them personally or were part of their environment. Both men also changed forever the very face and character of their individual countries, with Gandhi initiating and leading the movement to force Great Britain from the control and manipulation of India which eventually led to complete independence, and Hitler as the supreme master of the Nazi Movement and instigator of some of the most atrocious crimes against humanity ever recorded in world his tory. It is also a fact that both men were highly driven by their individual personalities to achieve certain goals that would in effect influence the political and social environments of the entire world. Much like Hitler, Gandhi has "out-soared immortality as no other human being (and) his social impact has been unequaled" (Fischer, 67). And also like Hitler, "what was the secret of his spell upon his country and people'" (Clement, 78). With Gandhi, descriptions such as "Hindu saint" and "father of his country" are empty and misleading, and if one was to pin a label upon him, it would surely suggest that he was one of the key public figures of the 20th century as a manipulative idealist, or a person who reshaped society for good or ill. Of course, leadership is a prime ingredient for both of these men, and a list of traits which outstanding leaders tend to possess would aptly describe their characters, behaviors and beliefs. ...

Research Article Summary Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Summary - Research Paper Example Methods: information about current food portion was obtained by sampling foods sold meant for immediate consumption from fast-food outlets, take-out joints and family-type restaurants (Young & Nestle, 246). Some of the foods sampled include alcoholic beverages, cakes and steak. This information was obtained directly from the manufacturers or from the package labels. If the information was unavailable, two samples of each food were weighed using Sysco Digital Portion Scale (Young & Nestle, 246). Results: Most of the portions weighed were above the standard portion set by USDA and FDA. The only exception was the sliced white bread. The cookie category posted the largest excess over the set USDA standards by 700%. The other categories exceeded the USDA standards by the following percentages: cooked pasta (480%), muffins (333%), steaks (224%) and bagels (195%). however, other foods such as beer, chocolate, French fires and hamburgers did not exceed the set limits (Young & Nestle, 246). the research also revealed that food companies use larger food sizes compared to what was used two decades ago. the trend towards increasing portion sizes started in the 1970s. increasing sharply in the 1980s to present (Young & Nestle, 246). Discussion and conclusion: the researchers observe that the food portions in the marketplace have increased steadily since the 1970s, and this can be attributed to the fact that the food service industry in the United States has been on a steady growth. This has led to a larger number of new food products being introduced. Competition has also made manufacturers increase portions in order to attract customers. As a result of the increased sizes, the number of claries consumed has increased. Furthermore, there has been a ‘supersizing’ of menu items, making them larger than they were a couple of decades before. The authors conclude that there is need to focus on portion size as one of the strategies of managing weight and

Air Pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Air Pollution - Research Paper Example More importantly, there were very few public agencies and academic institutions tracking environmental health effects caused by air pollution on a regional scale. This lack of regional-scale environmental health monitoring and studies has raised the concern and awareness of both regional municipal administrations and the general public in recent years. A fundamental assessment of air pollution and related adverse health effects is needed. Exposure and Health Effects of Air Pollution Air pollution is a complex mixture of particles and gases that can vary in composition depending on geographic location, season, and time of day. In urban settings it consists primarily of particulate matter derived from motor vehicle and industrial emissions, primary gaseous pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and the secondary pollutants nitrogen dioxide and ozone (Pope, III and Dockery 709 - 710). Respirable particles are generally classified by aerodynamic diameter and fall into three main modes: a nucleation mode (smaller than 0.1 ?m); an accumulation mode (between 0.1 ?m and 1 ?m); and a coarse mode (larger than 1 ?m) (Pope, III and Dockery 709 - 742). ... cles are present in much higher numbers and present a greater total surface area per unit of mass to carry reactive co-pollutants and interact with cellular targets. Particle size will determine the probability of deposition in different regions of the airways and may impact on clearance dynamics and physiologic responses. Compared to larger particles, fine and ultra fine particles are more likely to deposit in the gas-exchange regions of the lungs, and may not be as readily phagocytosed as larger particles. In addition to size, the inherent toxicity of particles may relate to their composition, with metals in particular being associated with toxicity (Pope, III and Dockery 709 - 742). For air pollution exposure studies, the most prevalent air pollutants are ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and the usual diseases under study have included respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. PMIO can increase susceptibility to respiratory infectious diseases and exacerb ate asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) (Stephania et al. 810 - 817). PM and Ozone are also associated with cough, premature death, bronchitis, and decline in lung function. Ozone promotes asthma and causes respiratory illness, especially among children (At a Glance 1-4, Stephania et al. 810 - 817). Although immunological, developmental, and reproductive effects are also mentioned in some papers, such studies are not as common as those examining respiratory or cardiovascular effects (At a Glance 1 - 4, Stephania et al. 810 - 817). Initial epidemiologic studies focused on health effects in the days following periods of severe air pollution. Episodes of extremely high air pollution such as the Meuse Valley Fog of 1930 and the London Fog of 1952 were associated with